BDrive soon after waking, as the drug has no next-day effect
CTake it right before bed, only if you can sleep a full night
DTake it in the morning so that it is out of the system by night
12.薬理学むずかしい
An older patient on amlodipine develops ankle swelling and is prescribed furosemide. She then becomes dizzy and falls. What does this sequence illustrate?
AA prescribing cascade
BA type B allergic reaction
CEnzyme induction
DDrug tolerance
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient's blood pressure is 120/60 mmHg. What is the approximate mean arterial pressure?
A100 mmHg
B60 mmHg
C90 mmHg
D80 mmHg
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A nurse finds a patient collapsed in bed and unresponsive. What should the nurse do first?
ATake a full set of observations, including temperature and blood glucose
BShout for help, open the airway and check breathing for up to 10 seconds
CGive two rescue breaths, then check the blood glucose before calling anyone
DLeave the patient to fetch a defibrillator before calling anyone
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Why might a patient taking a beta-blocker not notice a hypoglycaemic episode?
ABeta-blockers raise blood glucose, so hypos cannot happen
BBeta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
CBeta-blockers make the patient sleep through every hypo
DBeta-blockers block the effect of all diabetes medicines
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
昨日、左腕に内シャントが作られた患者に、定期の採血が必要です。最も重要な指示はどれですか?
Aシャントは見つけやすく太いので、シャントから採血する
B右腕を使う。左手の循環とスリルを確認する
Cシャントを守るため、左腕を包帯できつく巻く
D良い静脈を見つけるため、左腕に強い駆血帯を使う
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
内視鏡検査の前に、上部消化管出血のリスクを評価するために用いるスコアはどれですか?
A褥瘡リスクのウォーターローススコア
BDVTのWellsスコア
Cグラスゴー・コーマ・スケール
Dグラスゴー・ブラッチフォードスコア
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient is booked for a urea breath test for H. pylori. Which medicine should usually be stopped 2 weeks before the test?
AParacetamol (acetaminophen)
BAmlodipine
CLevothyroxine
DOmeprazole
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman at 28 weeks is Rh-negative and has a positive antibody screen for anti-D. What does this mean?
AThe result is normal and needs no further action
BShe is sensitised; the fetus is watched for anaemia
CHer baby is definitely Rh-negative
DShe needs a double dose of anti-D immunoglobulin
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman has had a large postpartum haemorrhage and is receiving several units of blood. Which other complication should the nurse watch for?
AHypertension caused by the volume of blood lost
BPostpartum depression within the hour
CCoagulopathy from loss of clotting factors
DHypoglycaemia from the transfused blood
21.小児看護ふつう
A breastfed infant has gastroenteritis with mild dehydration. What should the nurse advise?
AContinue breastfeeding, and give oral rehydration solution as advised
BGive diluted fruit juice instead of breast milk
CGive nothing by mouth for 24 hours
DStop breastfeeding until the diarrhoea has completely stopped, then restart slowly
22.小児看護むずかしい
A child on a morphine infusion is very hard to wake, with a respiratory rate of 8 per minute and pinpoint pupils. What should the nurse do first?
AReduce the infusion rate slightly and recheck the child's breathing in an hour
BGive a sedative to keep the child calm
CStop the infusion, support breathing and give naloxone as per protocol
DLet the child sleep, as this shows the pain is controlled
答え: A · Only the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
これが答えになる理由
PCA is safe because a patient who becomes drowsy stops pressing the button. When others press it (“PCA by proxy”), sedation and respiratory depression can occur.
答え
A · Only the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
答え: A · With the palms of the hands, not the fingertips
これが答えになる理由
A wet plaster cast can be dented by fingertips, causing pressure points under the cast. It is handled with the palms, supported on pillows and left uncovered to dry.
答え
A · With the palms of the hands, not the fingertips
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Giving a scheduled subcutaneous anticoagulant injection to a stable patient
これが答えになる理由
LPNs/LVNs usually give scheduled injections to stable patients. A fresh postoperative assessment and teaching plans need the RN, and routine vital signs are better given to the assistant so the LPN/LVN can use their skills.
答え
A · Giving a scheduled subcutaneous anticoagulant injection to a stable patient
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · The tube bypasses the nose, which normally warms and moistens air
これが答えになる理由
The upper airway normally humidifies inspired air. Without it, secretions become thick and may block the tracheostomy tube, so humidification is used.
答え
B · The tube bypasses the nose, which normally warms and moistens air
ACE inhibitors reduce aldosterone, so potassium can rise, and they lower the filtration pressure in the kidney, so creatinine can rise. Both are checked before and soon after starting or increasing the dose.
答え: C · Take it right before bed, only if you can sleep a full night
これが答えになる理由
Zolpidem can cause next-day impairment and complex sleep behaviours such as sleep-walking or sleep-driving. Alcohol and other sedatives increase these risks.
答え
C · Take it right before bed, only if you can sleep a full night
12.薬理学
答え: A · A prescribing cascade
これが答えになる理由
In a prescribing cascade, an adverse effect of one drug is mistaken for a new condition and treated with another drug, which brings new risks. Amlodipine oedema does not respond well to diuretics; reviewing the original drug is better.
答え
A · A prescribing cascade
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · 80 mmHg
これが答えになる理由
MAP ≈ diastolic + (systolic − diastolic) ÷ 3 = 60 + 60 ÷ 3 = 80 mmHg. The heart spends longer in diastole, so MAP is closer to the diastolic value. A MAP of at least about 65 mmHg is a common target for organ perfusion.
答え
D · 80 mmHg
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Shout for help, open the airway and check breathing for up to 10 seconds
これが答えになる理由
In hospital, the nurse shouts for help, opens the airway and looks for normal breathing (and a pulse if trained) for up to 10 seconds. If the patient is not breathing normally, the arrest team is called and CPR started, with a defibrillator brought as soon as possible.
答え
B · Shout for help, open the airway and check breathing for up to 10 seconds
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Beta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
これが答えになる理由
Beta-blockers blunt adrenergic warning symptoms such as palpitations and tremor. Sweating is often preserved. Patients should check their glucose when they feel unwell, rather than relying on symptoms alone.
答え
B · Beta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
PPIs suppress H. pylori and can give false-negative breath or stool tests, so they are usually stopped 2 weeks before. Antibiotics are usually stopped 4 weeks before testing.
答え
D · Omeprazole
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · She is sensitised; the fetus is watched for anaemia
これが答えになる理由
If antibodies are already present, anti-D prophylaxis is of no use. Antibody levels are followed and the fetus is monitored for anaemia, often with Doppler of the middle cerebral artery.
答え
B · She is sensitised; the fetus is watched for anaemia
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Coagulopathy from loss of clotting factors
これが答えになる理由
Massive haemorrhage and transfusion of red cells can deplete clotting factors and platelets, leading to further bleeding. Massive transfusion protocols include plasma, platelets and sometimes fibrinogen.
答え
C · Coagulopathy from loss of clotting factors
21.小児看護
答え: A · Continue breastfeeding, and give oral rehydration solution as advised
これが答えになる理由
Breastfeeding should continue during gastroenteritis, with oral rehydration solution added when there are signs of dehydration. Withholding feeds slows recovery and juice can worsen diarrhoea.
答え
A · Continue breastfeeding, and give oral rehydration solution as advised
22.小児看護
答え: C · Stop the infusion, support breathing and give naloxone as per protocol
これが答えになる理由
Deep sedation, slow breathing and pinpoint pupils indicate opioid toxicity. The opioid is stopped, the airway and breathing supported with oxygen or bag-mask ventilation if needed, naloxone given as prescribed and help called.
答え
C · Stop the infusion, support breathing and give naloxone as per protocol
答え: D · Recognise that anxiety spreads between people, and calm herself first
これが答えになる理由
Anxiety can be communicated between people. A nurse who notices and manages her own anxiety can provide a calm, steady presence that helps reduce the patient's anxiety.
答え
D · Recognise that anxiety spreads between people, and calm herself first
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
濃度
2% = 2 g/100 mL = 20 mg/mL
薬剤の質量
m = 20·5 = 100 mg
答え
m = 100 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: D = 53.15 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
体表面積
BSA = √(113·36/3600) = √1.13 = 1.063 m²
投与量
D = 50·1.063 = 53.15 mg
答え
D = 53.15 mg
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 270 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
30·60/20 = 90 mL/h
体積
V = 90·3 = 270 mL
答え
V = 270 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: R = 25 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).