Which technique is recommended for a capillary blood glucose test on an adult's finger?
ASqueeze the finger very hard
BPrick the side of the fingertip
CUse the same finger every time
DPrick the center of the fingertip
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has fatigue, weight loss, darkening of the skin and low blood pressure. Results: sodium 130 mEq/L, potassium 5.6 mEq/L. Which test pattern would confirm primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)?
ALow cortisol with a high ACTH
BHigh cortisol with a high ACTH
CHigh cortisol with a low ACTH
DLow cortisol with a low ACTH
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient is starting olanzapine. Which monitoring is most important over the following months?
APeak expiratory flow
BWeight, blood glucose and blood lipids
CHearing tests and vision tests every month
DINR and platelet count
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient with heart failure starts taking naproxen regularly for back pain. Why is this a concern?
ANSAIDs cause salt and water retention and can worsen heart failure
BNSAIDs increase heart contractility too much
CNSAIDs lower potassium, which makes digoxin and diuretics fail
DNSAIDs block the absorption of furosemide completely
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
How is the jugular venous pressure usually assessed?
APatient reclined at 45° with the head turned slightly to the left
BPatient standing with the neck flexed forward
CPatient lying completely flat with the head turned to the right
DPatient sitting upright with the arms raised above the head
Why is the time a surgical limb tourniquet is inflated carefully recorded?
AThe tourniquet slowly loses all its air after one minute
BThe surgeon is paid per minute of use
CLong inflation can cause nerve and muscle damage
DIt shows how long the anaesthetic gas was used
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
After surgery, a patient keeps asking for analgesia before it is due, watches the clock and rates pain 8/10. What is the most appropriate interpretation?
AThe patient needs only distraction and no change in drugs
BPain may be undertreated; reassess and ask for a review of the plan
CThe patient is addicted and should have analgesia withheld
DThe patient is exaggerating, so the pain scores should be ignored for now
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
On day 1 after birth, a woman's white cell count is mildly raised and she has no symptoms. How should this be interpreted?
AIt means she has leukaemia
BIt proves she has an infection
CIt shows she is dehydrated
DIt can be normal soon after birth
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman at 31 weeks with contractions has a negative fetal fibronectin test. What does this result mean?
ABirth will certainly occur within 48 hours
BThe fetus has an infection
CBirth within the next 1 to 2 weeks is unlikely
DThe membranes have ruptured
21.小児看護ふつう
A toddler refuses a liquid medicine. Which approach is appropriate?
AMix it with a small spoonful of food, if the pharmacist says this is safe
BHold the child's nose firmly until he has to open his mouth to breathe
CTell the child it is a sweet so that he takes it happily
DMix it into a full bottle of milk or juice for the whole day
22.小児看護むずかしい
A toddler weighed 10 kg before 2 days of diarrhoea and now weighs 9.5 kg. How much has he lost?
A500 g, about 5% of his body weight, mostly fluid
B1 kg, about 10% of his body weight
C500 g, about 50% of his body weight
D50 g, about 0.5% of his body weight
23.精神看護ふつう
How should a patient with anorexia nervosa be weighed in hospital?
AAt a different time each day so that she cannot prepare for it
BIn her own clothes and shoes after breakfast, so that she feels more comfortable
COnly when she asks to be weighed, to respect her wishes
DAt the same time, on the same scale, in a gown, after emptying the bladder
24.精神看護むずかしい
Two days after surgery, a 79-year-old woman is quiet and drowsy, stares into space and gives muddled answers that vary through the day. Her daughter says she was sharp before. What is most likely?
ANormal tiredness after anaesthesia
BAdvanced dementia
CDepression after surgery
DHypoactive delirium
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 滴下速度の計算結果は 152.019 gtt/min です。 この練習問題のルールは「滴下速度は、最も近い整数の滴数に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
152.019 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 体重 66 kg の患者に対する指示は 1 mcg/kg/min です。この投与速度 D を mg/h で表してください。小数第2位に丸めてください。
1 mcg/kg/min66 kg
D = mg/h
27.投与量の計算ふつう
バイアルに粉末 2 g が入っています。ラベルには「注射用水 9.2 mL を加えると全量 10 mL になる」とあります。処方は 160 mg です。溶解した溶液を何 mL V 投与しますか?
2 g+ 9.2 mL → 10 mL160 mg
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
患者の体重は 189.2 lb です。処方は 1 回量として 0.5 mg/kg で、原液は 1 mL 中に 10 mg を含みます。1 kg = 2.2 lb として、何 mL V 投与しますか?
189.2 lb0.5 mg/kg10 mg/1 mL1 kg = 2.2 lb
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
15 滴/mL の輸液セットで 1000 mL を 8 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。 最も近い整数に丸めてください。
1000 mL8 h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
25 mg を 250 mL に含む輸液が 3 mL/h で投与されています。患者は 1 分あたり何マイクログラム D を受け取りますか?
25 mg/250 mL3 mL/h
D = mcg/min
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。総摂取量 I を mL で求めてください。
答え: A · Assessing a patient who reports new chest pain
これが答えになる理由
New symptoms in a patient need registered nurse assessment and decision-making. Routine, predictable tasks with stable patients can be delegated with clear instructions.
答え
A · Assessing a patient who reports new chest pain
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Not give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
これが答えになる理由
Potassium chloride given by IV push can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias and arrest. It is only given diluted by controlled infusion, so the nurse does not give it and contacts the prescriber.
答え
C · Not give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · A patient on chemotherapy with a new temperature of 38.4 °C (101.1 °F)
これが答えになる理由
Fever in a patient who may be neutropenic can be the first sign of sepsis and needs urgent assessment. The other needs are real but stable and can wait a short time.
答え
B · A patient on chemotherapy with a new temperature of 38.4 °C (101.1 °F)
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Antihypertensive drugs
これが答えになる理由
Removing fluid during dialysis can cause hypotension, so blood pressure drugs are often held before treatment as prescribed. Some drugs are also removed by dialysis and given afterwards.
答え
D · Antihypertensive drugs
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Check two identifiers against the wristband and the medication record
これが答えになる理由
The nurse uses at least two identifiers, such as full name and date of birth, checked against the wristband and record. Open questions (“Please tell me your name”) are safer than yes/no questions.
答え
D · Check two identifiers against the wristband and the medication record
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · To rule out bleeding in the brain
これが答えになる理由
A CT scan distinguishes haemorrhagic from ischaemic stroke. Clot-busting drugs are only given when bleeding has been excluded and other criteria are met.
The sides of the fingertips are less sensitive than the pads, so they are used for capillary sampling. Rotating sites reduces soreness, and hard squeezing can add tissue fluid that gives inaccurate results.
答え
B · Prick the side of the fingertip
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Low cortisol with a high ACTH
これが答えになる理由
In primary adrenal insufficiency the adrenal glands fail, so cortisol is low and the pituitary responds with high ACTH, which also darkens the skin. Low cortisol with low ACTH suggests a pituitary cause. An ACTH stimulation test confirms the diagnosis.確認に用いた資料:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Cortisol Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
A · Low cortisol with a high ACTH
11.薬理学
答え: B · Weight, blood glucose and blood lipids
これが答えになる理由
Olanzapine and several other atypical antipsychotics cause weight gain, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Weight, waist size, glucose and lipids are checked regularly.
答え
B · Weight, blood glucose and blood lipids
12.薬理学
答え: A · NSAIDs cause salt and water retention and can worsen heart failure
これが答えになる理由
NSAIDs inhibit renal prostaglandins, causing sodium and water retention and reducing the effect of diuretics. They can trigger decompensation of heart failure and are usually avoided.
答え
A · NSAIDs cause salt and water retention and can worsen heart failure
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Patient reclined at 45° with the head turned slightly to the left
これが答えになる理由
With the patient at 45°, the vertical height of the pulsation in the right internal jugular vein above the sternal angle is estimated. A height above about 3–4 cm suggests raised right-sided pressure, as in right heart failure or fluid overload.
答え
A · Patient reclined at 45° with the head turned slightly to the left
答え: C · Long inflation can cause nerve and muscle damage
これが答えになる理由
A tourniquet creates a bloodless field but causes limb ischaemia. Inflation time and pressure are recorded and the surgeon is told at set intervals, as long inflation can damage nerves and muscle.
答え
C · Long inflation can cause nerve and muscle damage
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Pain may be undertreated; reassess and ask for a review of the plan
これが答えになる理由
Clock-watching often reflects inadequate analgesia. The nurse reassesses pain and function, considers multimodal options, and asks the prescriber to review the plan rather than labelling the patient.
答え
B · Pain may be undertreated; reassess and ask for a review of the plan
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · It can be normal soon after birth
これが答えになる理由
Leucocytosis is common in labour and the early postnatal period. It must be interpreted with clinical signs such as fever, pain and lochia changes rather than on its own.
答え
D · It can be normal soon after birth
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Birth within the next 1 to 2 weeks is unlikely
これが答えになる理由
Fetal fibronectin is a protein that binds the membranes to the uterine lining. A negative result has a high negative predictive value, meaning birth within 7 to 14 days is unlikely; a positive result is less predictive.
答え
C · Birth within the next 1 to 2 weeks is unlikely
21.小児看護
答え: A · Mix it with a small spoonful of food, if the pharmacist says this is safe
これが答えになる理由
Mixing with a small amount of food that will be eaten completely, when the medicine allows it, helps the child take the full dose. Large volumes may not be finished, calling medicine sweets is unsafe and forcing risks aspiration.
答え
A · Mix it with a small spoonful of food, if the pharmacist says this is safe
22.小児看護
答え: A · 500 g, about 5% of his body weight, mostly fluid
これが答えになる理由
10 kg − 9.5 kg = 0.5 kg; 0.5 ÷ 10 = 5%. Rapid weight loss during acute illness is mostly fluid, so it is a useful measure of the degree of dehydration, alongside clinical signs.
答え
A · 500 g, about 5% of his body weight, mostly fluid
23.精神看護
答え: D · At the same time, on the same scale, in a gown, after emptying the bladder
これが答えになる理由
Standardised weighing gives reliable trends. Patients may drink large amounts of water or hide objects to increase their weight, so consistent conditions and a gown are used.
答え
D · At the same time, on the same scale, in a gown, after emptying the bladder
24.精神看護
答え: D · Hypoactive delirium
これが答えになる理由
Hypoactive delirium presents with drowsiness, slowness and reduced activity, and is often missed or mistaken for depression. Acute onset, fluctuating course and inattention point to delirium.
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 1 mcg/kg/min × 66 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
計算する
D = 1·66·60/1000 = 3.96 mg/h
答え
D = 3.96 mg/h
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 0.8 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
混合後の濃度
2000 mg/10 mL = 200 mg/mL
体積
V = 160/200 = 0.8 mL
答え
V = 0.8 mL
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 4.3 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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