BCrushing makes the dose roughly twice as strong as the whole tablet
CCrushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug
DCrushing makes the tablet taste so bitter that patients refuse it
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient with heart failure weighs 2 kg more than yesterday on the same scales. What does this most likely show?
AThe patient has gained 2 kg of body fat
BThe scales must have been faulty
CThe patient is becoming dehydrated
DAbout 2 litres of fluid has been retained
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A visitor with a cold wants to see a patient who has severe neutropenia. What should the nurse advise?
APostpone the visit until the visitor is well
BVisit but avoid touching the patient’s bed
CVisit only if the cold started more than a day ago
DVisit as usual after washing the hands
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse teaches parents of a toddler about drowning prevention. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“We keep the gate in the pool fence closed and locked at all times.”
B“I stay within arm’s reach of my child whenever we are near any water.”
C“I empty buckets of water as soon as I have used them.”
D“I can leave my 2-year-old in the bath for a minute if the water is shallow.”
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
内科の混合病棟で、看護師が最初に診るべき患者はどれですか?
Aアセトアミノフェンを求めている、軽い緊張型頭痛の患者
B明日の退院についての書面の情報を求めている患者
C持ち物を人にあげ、自殺の計画をもっている、うつ病の患者
D血圧が 136/84 mmHg の高血圧の患者
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A child with sickle cell disease in a pain crisis develops chest pain, fever and an SpO₂ of 89%. What does this most likely mean?
AAcute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen
BAnxiety that will settle with reassurance
CA minor chest infection that can safely wait until the morning round
DAn ordinary pain crisis that will improve with rest
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient is started on spironolactone while already taking an ACE inhibitor. Which blood result should be watched most closely?
APotassium, because both drugs can raise it
BCalcium, because both drugs lower it
CGlucose, because both drugs cause hyperglycaemia
DSodium, because both drugs raise it sharply
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient on an unfractionated heparin infusion is also started on warfarin. Which tests are used to monitor each drug?
AAPTT for heparin and INR for warfarin
BD-dimer for both drugs
CPlatelet count for both drugs
DINR for heparin and APTT for warfarin
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A woman with hyperemesis gravidarum has vomited for 3 days. Which urine finding would the nurse expect?
ARed cell casts
BKetones
CBilirubin
DNitrites
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
Two weeks after a sore throat, a child develops dark (cola-colored) urine, puffy eyes and high blood pressure. Urinalysis shows red cell casts and protein. Which condition is most likely?
ALower urinary tract infection (cystitis)
BPrerenal acute kidney injury
CKidney stone in the ureter
DPost-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
11.薬理学ふつう
ヘパリンはどのようにして抗凝固作用を生みますか?
Aすでにある血栓のフィブリンを分解する
B血小板の COX-1 を不可逆的に阻害する
Cアンチトロンビンを増強し、トロンビンと第 Xa 因子を不活化させる
D肝臓でのビタミン K 依存性凝固因子の合成を遮断する
12.薬理学むずかしい
On admission, a patient's home medicine list includes warfarin for atrial fibrillation, but warfarin is not on the admission orders. What should the nurse do?
ATell the patient to stop warfarin permanently
BClarify the omission with the prescriber (medication reconciliation)
CGive the patient's own warfarin brought from home without an order
DAssume the omission is intended and do nothing
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A 34-year-old has hypertension that is hard to control and a low serum potassium without taking diuretics. Which cause should be considered?
The wife of a man with alcohol dependence organises her life around his drinking, hides it from others and neglects her own needs. What does this pattern suggest?
ADelirium tremens
BEnabling by the healthcare team
CCodependency
DLearned helplessness in the patient
24.精神看護むずかしい
The parents of a 15-year-old with anorexia nervosa ask what treatment is usually recommended first. Which answer is most accurate?
ALeaving the young person to decide on her own when to start eating more
BLong-term treatment in an inpatient unit far away from her family, so that the parents cannot interfere
CMedicine alone, because therapy is not effective in adolescents
DFamily-based treatment, in which the parents take an active role in restoring the child's eating
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 投与が 1:40 AM と記録されています。24時間表記で同じ時刻の記載はどれですか。クリックしてください。
1:40 AM
113:40
200:40
301:40
402:40
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴が 19:35 に始まり、翌朝の 00:45 に終了しました(24時間表記)。何時間 t 続きましたか。答えは時間の小数で、小数第2位に丸めてください。
19:3500:45
t = h
27.投与量の計算ふつう
患者の体重は 18 kg です。指示量は 1 日 15 mg/kg で、4 回に等分して投与します。1 回あたり何 mg D 投与しますか?
18 kg15 mg/kg/日4× 1 日あたり
D = mg
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
患者の体重は 28.6 lb です。処方は 1 回量として 15 mg/kg で、原液は 5 mL 中に 125 mg を含みます。1 kg = 2.2 lb として、何 mL V 投与しますか?
28.6 lb15 mg/kg125 mg/5 mL1 kg = 2.2 lb
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
10 滴/mL の輸液セットで 500 mL を 2 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。 最も近い整数に丸めてください。
500 mL2 h10 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
バッグは 100 mL 中に薬を 200 mg 含み、12 mL/h で投与されています。患者が受け取るのは 1 時間あたり何 mg D ですか?
200 mg/100 mL12 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。患者の体重は 108 kg です。平均尿量 U を mL/kg/h で求めてください。 小数第 2 位まで四捨五入してください。
答え: C · Crushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug
これが答えになる理由
Enteric coatings stop the tablet dissolving until it reaches the small intestine, protecting the stomach lining or the drug from stomach acid. Crushing destroys this protection.
答え
C · Crushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · About 2 litres of fluid has been retained
これが答えになる理由
A rapid weight change over a day reflects fluid, not fat; 1 kg is roughly 1 litre. Daily weights taken at the same time on the same scales are a sensitive measure of fluid retention.
答え
D · About 2 litres of fluid has been retained
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Postpone the visit until the visitor is well
これが答えになる理由
Patients with severe neutropenia cannot fight infections well. People with respiratory or other infections should not visit until they are well; other visitors perform hand hygiene.
答え
A · Postpone the visit until the visitor is well
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · “I can leave my 2-year-old in the bath for a minute if the water is shallow.”
これが答えになる理由
A toddler should never be left alone in the bath, even for a moment and even in shallow water. Fencing pools, constant close supervision and emptying containers are correct.
答え
D · “I can leave my 2-year-old in the bath for a minute if the water is shallow.”
答え: A · Acute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen
これが答えになる理由
Chest pain, fever and low oxygen in sickle cell disease suggest acute chest syndrome. It can worsen quickly, so oxygen, urgent review and prescribed treatment are needed.
答え
A · Acute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · Potassium, because both drugs can raise it
これが答えになる理由
Spironolactone and ACE inhibitors both reduce potassium excretion, so the combination can cause dangerous hyperkalaemia. Potassium and renal function should be checked regularly.
答え
A · Potassium, because both drugs can raise it
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · APTT for heparin and INR for warfarin
これが答えになる理由
The APTT reflects the intrinsic pathway and is used to adjust heparin infusions. Warfarin is monitored by the INR, a standardised prothrombin time. Platelets are also checked on heparin to detect HIT.
答え
A · APTT for heparin and INR for warfarin
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Ketones
これが答えになる理由
Prolonged vomiting and poor intake lead to fat breakdown and ketonuria, along with dehydration and electrolyte loss such as hypokalemia. Urine ketones help assess severity and response to IV fluids and antiemetics.
答え
B · Ketones
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
これが答えになる理由
Red cell casts show bleeding from the glomeruli, which is typical of glomerulonephritis. After a streptococcal infection, immune complexes inflame the glomeruli, causing hematuria, proteinuria, edema and hypertension. Cystitis and stones do not cause red cell casts.
答え
D · Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
11.薬理学
答え: C · アンチトロンビンを増強し、トロンビンと第 Xa 因子を不活化させる
これが答えになる理由
ヘパリンはアンチトロンビンに結合し、トロンビンと第 Xa 因子の不活化を大きく加速します。低分子量ヘパリンは主に第 Xa 因子に作用します。
答え
C · アンチトロンビンを増強し、トロンビンと第 Xa 因子を不活化させる
12.薬理学
答え: B · Clarify the omission with the prescriber (medication reconciliation)
これが答えになる理由
Medication reconciliation compares the patient's home medicines with current orders to find omissions, duplications and errors. The nurse raises the difference with the prescriber, who decides whether to continue, hold or change the drug.
答え
B · Clarify the omission with the prescriber (medication reconciliation)
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Primary hyperaldosteronism
これが答えになる理由
Excess aldosterone (for example from an adrenal adenoma, Conn's syndrome) causes sodium retention, hypertension and potassium loss. Young age, resistant hypertension and unexplained hypokalaemia suggest a secondary cause and need investigation.
Frequent use of painkillers or triptans can cause medication overuse headache. Treatment involves withdrawing the overused drug under guidance and starting a preventive treatment if needed.
答え
C · Medication overuse headache
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Urgent referral for cystoscopy and imaging
これが答えになる理由
Painless visible haematuria in an older smoker, with no infection, must be investigated urgently for bladder or kidney cancer. Intermittent bleeding does not mean the cause has gone.
答え
B · Urgent referral for cystoscopy and imaging
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · They may under-report pain, so active assessment is needed
これが答えになる理由
Older adults may minimise pain or have cognitive or sensory problems that hinder reporting. Regular assessment with suitable tools and careful analgesia, starting low and adjusting slowly, are recommended.
答え
B · They may under-report pain, so active assessment is needed
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · A device-related pressure injury; protect skin and refit the mask
これが答えになる理由
Masks, tubes, catheters and splints can cause pressure injuries. The nurse checks the skin under devices regularly, uses protective dressings, adjusts fit and repositions where possible.
答え
B · A device-related pressure injury; protect skin and refit the mask
A score of 8 to 10 is normal, 6 is equivocal, and 4 or less is abnormal and suggests fetal hypoxia. At term, a low score usually leads to prompt review and consideration of birth.
答え
C · It is abnormal and needs prompt review
21.小児看護
答え: C · With a spacer and face mask, taking several normal breaths after each puff
これが答えになる理由
Young children need a spacer with a well-fitting face mask. One puff is given at a time, and the child breathes normally for several breaths (often 5–10) to inhale the medicine. Several puffs at once reduce the dose delivered.
答え
C · With a spacer and face mask, taking several normal breaths after each puff
Codependency describes a family member whose life becomes centred on the other person's addiction, often with caretaking, covering up and neglect of self. Support groups such as Al-Anon can help.
答え
C · Codependency
24.精神看護
答え: D · Family-based treatment, in which the parents take an active role in restoring the child's eating
これが答えになる理由
Family-based treatment, which developed from the Maudsley approach, is a first-line treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Parents are supported to take charge of meals at first, before control is gradually handed back.
答え
D · Family-based treatment, in which the parents take an active role in restoring the child's eating
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
15·18 = 270 mg
1 回あたり
D = 270/4 = 67.5 mg
答え
D = 67.5 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 7.8 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 12/min → 0
SpO₂ 94% → 1
酸素投与中 → 2
SBP 102 mmHg → 1
HR 82/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 36.0 °C → 1
足す
NEWS2 = 0 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 5
答え
NEWS2 = 5
34.臨床アセスメントスコア
答え: 高
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 7/min → 3
SpO₂ 88% → 3
酸素投与中 → 2
SBP 92 mmHg → 2
HR 114/min → 2
新たな錯乱 (C) → 3
T 37.9 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 3 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 0 = 15
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
高
答え
高
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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