The first clear sound marks the systolic pressure; in adults the point at which the sounds disappear (phase 5) is recorded as diastolic.
答え
D · When the sounds disappear completely
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · Removing the catheter as soon as it is no longer needed
これが答えになる理由
The infection risk grows with each day of catheterisation, so the most effective step is avoiding unnecessary catheters and removing them early. Routine bladder washouts and frequent bag changes break the closed system and add risk.
答え
B · Removing the catheter as soon as it is no longer needed
Professional interpreters give accurate, confidential translation of medical information. Family members, especially children, may leave things out and should not be used for important explanations.
答え
C · Use a professional medical interpreter
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · IV calcium gluconate
これが答えになる理由
IV calcium stabilizes the cardiac cell membranes within minutes and is given first when hyperkalemia changes the ECG. Insulin with glucose, binders and diuretics then lower the potassium.
答え
C · IV calcium gluconate
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · A combination of antibiotics with a proton pump inhibitor
これが答えになる理由
Eradication therapy combines a PPI with two antibiotics for a set course. Completing the course is important for success.
答え
D · A combination of antibiotics with a proton pump inhibitor
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · ヘパリン起因性血小板減少症
これが答えになる理由
HIT は通常ヘパリン開始 5~10 日後に起こり、血小板が 50% 以上低下して血栓のリスクがあります。ヘパリンを中止し、ヘパリン以外の抗凝固薬を使います。
答え
A · ヘパリン起因性血小板減少症
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Fibrinogen and D-dimer rise
これが答えになる理由
Pregnancy increases clotting factors and fibrinogen and raises the D-dimer, which helps prevent bleeding at delivery but raises the risk of clots. Because D-dimer is normally raised, it is less useful for excluding DVT in pregnancy.
答え
D · Fibrinogen and D-dimer rise
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Hold the drug and arrange an urgent white cell and neutrophil count
これが答えになる理由
Methimazole and propylthiouracil can cause agranulocytosis, often in the first months of therapy. Fever or sore throat must be reported at once; the drug is held and a CBC with differential is checked. Infection is treated urgently if neutrophils are low.
答え
B · Hold the drug and arrange an urgent white cell and neutrophil count
11.薬理学
答え: C · Pain or swelling in a tendon, such as the Achilles tendon
これが答えになる理由
Fluoroquinolones can cause tendinitis and tendon rupture. Patients should stop exercise and report tendon pain promptly.
答え
C · Pain or swelling in a tendon, such as the Achilles tendon
12.薬理学
答え: A · "If the pain is no better after one tablet, I will wait an hour before calling for help."
これが答えになる理由
Unrelieved chest pain may be a heart attack, so help must not be delayed. In US teaching, emergency services are called if pain is not better 5 minutes after the first dose; UK advice is to repeat the dose after 5 minutes and call 999 if pain persists 5 minutes after the second. Sitting down prevents falls from hypotension, and headache is a common effect.
答え
A · "If the pain is no better after one tablet, I will wait an hour before calling for help."
Pulsus paradoxus is an exaggerated inspiratory fall in systolic pressure (more than 10 mmHg). In tamponade, the right ventricle fills on inspiration and pushes the septum left, reducing left ventricular output. It also occurs in severe asthma. A collapsing pulse suggests aortic regurgitation.
答え
A · Pulsus paradoxus
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Heparin is often used to stop the circuit from clotting
これが答えになる理由
Heparin is commonly used during haemodialysis to prevent clotting in the circuit. Its effect can cause prolonged bleeding from puncture sites, so procedures such as IM injections may be timed with care.
答え
D · Heparin is often used to stop the circuit from clotting
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · The patient may not be absorbing their immunosuppressants
これが答えになる理由
Vomiting and diarrhoea can reduce absorption of immunosuppressants, raising the risk of rejection, and dehydration can harm the graft. Tacrolimus levels can also rise with diarrhoea. The team may check levels and kidney function.
答え
B · The patient may not be absorbing their immunosuppressants
答え: C · Shallow breathing can lead to atelectasis and pneumonia
これが答えになる理由
Uncontrolled chest wall pain prevents deep breaths and coughing, leading to atelectasis, sputum retention and pneumonia, particularly in older adults. Multimodal analgesia, sometimes with regional blocks, and physiotherapy are used.
答え
C · Shallow breathing can lead to atelectasis and pneumonia
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Dehydration
これが答えになる理由
A sunken fontanelle suggests dehydration. A tense or bulging fontanelle when the baby is calm and upright can indicate raised intracranial pressure, such as from meningitis or hydrocephalus.
答え
B · Dehydration
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · A single umbilical artery
これが答えになる理由
A two-vessel cord can be associated with renal, cardiac and other anomalies. Milia, moulding and acrocyanosis are normal findings.
答え: B · About 6 or more wet nappies a day, regular yellow stools and steady weight gain
これが答えになる理由
After the first few days, signs of good intake include at least about 6 heavy wet nappies a day, frequent yellow stools, contented behaviour after feeds and weight gain. Most babies regain their birth weight by about 2 weeks.
答え
B · About 6 or more wet nappies a day, regular yellow stools and steady weight gain
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
9/5を掛ける
35.8·9/5 = 64.44
32を足す
T = 64.44 + 32 = 96.44 ≈ 96.4 °F
答え
T = 96.4 °F
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 645 mL
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
各項目(mL)
4 fl oz = 4·30 = 120 mL
3 tbsp = 3·15 = 45 mL
2 カップ = 2·240 = 480 mL
足す
V = 120 + 45 + 480 = 645 mL
答え
V = 645 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: m = 100 mg
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 7/min → 3
SpO₂ 96% → 0
酸素投与中 → 2
SBP 88 mmHg → 3
HR 92/min → 1
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 39.0 °C → 1
足す
NEWS2 = 3 + 0 + 2 + 3 + 1 + 0 + 1 = 10
答え
NEWS2 = 10
34.臨床アセスメントスコア
答え: 低~中
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 18/min → 0
SpO₂ 88% → 3
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 112 mmHg → 0
HR 58/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 37.7 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 3
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
低~中
答え
低~中
単独で3点がある場合は、合計が低くても緊急の診察が必要です。
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