While being helped to eat, a patient with dysphagia coughs and their voice sounds wet and gurgly. What should the nurse do?
AGive a drink of water to wash the food down
BLie the patient flat to rest
CStop feeding and report for a swallowing assessment
DFeed more quickly so the meal is finished before they tire
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
An older woman with severe arthritis has normal bladder control but wets herself because she cannot reach the toilet in time. Which type of incontinence is this?
AFunctional incontinence
BOverflow incontinence
CUrge incontinence
DStress incontinence
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A nurse’s hands are dry and cracked from frequent hand hygiene. What is the best approach?
AUse the hand lotion approved by the facility to keep the skin intact
BStop hand hygiene until the skin heals
CUse any lotion from home, whatever its contents
DWear gloves all day instead of cleaning the hands between patients
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient with dementia is often found at the exit doors trying to leave the unit. Which measure is most appropriate?
AUse an electronic wander alert, supervise closely and offer meaningful activity
BLock the patient alone in a single room so that they cannot reach the exit doors
CKeep the patient in a chair with a vest restraint
DGive a sedative each time the patient goes to the door
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient with asthma has two inhalers: a corticosteroid and salbutamol (albuterol). Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will use my steroid inhaler every day, even when I feel well.”
B“I will rinse my mouth after using the steroid inhaler.”
C“I will use my steroid inhaler when I have a sudden attack.”
D“I will carry my salbutamol inhaler with me.”
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome has weakness that is spreading up from the legs. Which assessment has the highest priority?
AThe patient’s mood and coping
BBreathing strength, such as vital capacity and the ability to cough
CSkin condition over the heels
DMuscle strength in the feet and ankles at the start of each morning
7.臨床看護学ふつう
After a needlestick injury from a patient known to have HIV, why must the nurse report it immediately?
APost-exposure prophylaxis works best when started as soon as possible
BThe needle must be sent for culture
CThe patient will need antibiotics
DThe nurse must be tested for HIV the same day to confirm infection
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient has a high fever with rigors, jaundice and right upper quadrant pain. Which condition is most likely?
AAcute appendicitis
BAscending cholangitis
CSimple biliary colic
DGastro-oesophageal reflux disease
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
An older adult takes lisinopril and furosemide and recently started daily ibuprofen for knee pain. The creatinine has risen from 1.0 to 1.8 mg/dL (88 to 159 µmol/L). What is the most likely cause?
AMore activity has increased the patient's muscle mass quickly
BThe NSAID reduces kidney blood flow on top of the other two drugs
CNormal aging of the kidneys over a period of a few weeks
DA laboratory error, since ibuprofen has no effect on the kidney
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with a stable INR on warfarin starts rifampin (rifampicin) for tuberculosis. Two weeks later the INR is 1.3. What is the most likely explanation?
ARifampin speeds up warfarin metabolism
BRifampin contains a lot of vitamin K
CRifampin raises the INR, so it is wrong
DTuberculosis causes the INR to fall
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient is starting lisinopril. Which rare but serious adverse effect should the nurse teach the patient to report immediately?
AA harmless rash on the palms of the hands
BDarker skin after exposure to sunlight
CAn increase in appetite in the evening
DSwelling of the lips, tongue or face
12.薬理学むずかしい
A woman with epilepsy who takes an antiepileptic drug plans to become pregnant. Which advice is standard?
AStop all antiepileptic drugs straight away as soon as she stops contraception
BNo change is needed, as antiepileptics carry no risk in pregnancy
CAvoid folic acid because it lowers drug levels
DTake folic acid before conception and seek specialist review of her medication
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why must anti-embolism stockings be measured and fitted correctly?
ALoose stockings make the patient's legs too warm at night
BCorrect fit is needed only to improve the appearance
CTight stockings work better, so the smallest size is always best
DPoorly fitting stockings can cause pressure damage
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A fit 24-year-old marathon runner has a resting heart rate of 46/min on admission for minor surgery. He has no dizziness, chest pain or breathlessness, and his BP is 118/70 mmHg. What is the appropriate response?
ADocument and report it, as this is often normal in an athlete
BStart chest compressions
CGive IV atropine straight away to bring the rate above 60/min
DCancel the surgery and arrange a permanent pacemaker urgently
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
In the first trimester of pregnancy, why is propylthiouracil often preferred to carbimazole for hyperthyroidism?
ACarbimazole cannot cross into the mother's blood
BCarbimazole has a higher risk of birth defects early on
CPropylthiouracil works faster than any other drug
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある成人の体重は 55 kg、身長は 161 cm です。BMI を計算し、WHO の体重区分をクリックしてください。
55 kg161 cm
1低体重(やせ)
2普通体重
3過体重
4肥満クラスI
5肥満クラスII
6肥満クラスIII
3溶液
1.基礎看護学
答え: C · Stop feeding and report for a swallowing assessment
これが答えになる理由
Coughing, choking and a wet voice during meals suggest food or drink is entering the airway. Feeding stops, the patient sits upright and a speech and language therapist assesses them.
答え
C · Stop feeding and report for a swallowing assessment
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Functional incontinence
これが答えになる理由
Functional incontinence is caused by problems outside the urinary tract, such as poor mobility or confusion. A commode near the bed, easy clothing and regular toileting help.
答え
A · Functional incontinence
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Use the hand lotion approved by the facility to keep the skin intact
これが答えになる理由
Cracked skin is harder to clean and harbors more organisms. Facility-approved lotions help keep the skin healthy without reducing the effect of hand antiseptics such as chlorhexidine.
答え
A · Use the hand lotion approved by the facility to keep the skin intact
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Use an electronic wander alert, supervise closely and offer meaningful activity
これが答えになる理由
Wander alert systems, close supervision, orientation and activity reduce the risk of elopement without restricting the patient. Seclusion, restraints and sedation used for convenience are not appropriate.
答え
A · Use an electronic wander alert, supervise closely and offer meaningful activity
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · “I will use my steroid inhaler when I have a sudden attack.”
これが答えになる理由
Inhaled corticosteroids reduce inflammation over time and do not relieve an acute attack. Salbutamol (albuterol) is the quick-relief inhaler; rinsing after steroids helps prevent oral thrush.
答え
C · “I will use my steroid inhaler when I have a sudden attack.”
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Breathing strength, such as vital capacity and the ability to cough
これが答えになる理由
Guillain-Barré syndrome causes ascending weakness that can involve the respiratory muscles. Falling vital capacity or a weak cough can mean the patient needs ventilation, so breathing is monitored closely.
答え
B · Breathing strength, such as vital capacity and the ability to cough
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · Post-exposure prophylaxis works best when started as soon as possible
これが答えになる理由
HIV post-exposure prophylaxis should be started as soon as possible after exposure, ideally within hours. Occupational health or the emergency department will assess the risk and arrange follow-up testing.
答え
A · Post-exposure prophylaxis works best when started as soon as possible
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · Ascending cholangitis
これが答えになる理由
Fever, jaundice and right upper quadrant pain (Charcot's triad) suggest infection of an obstructed bile duct. It can rapidly cause sepsis and needs antibiotics and biliary drainage.
答え
B · Ascending cholangitis
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · The NSAID reduces kidney blood flow on top of the other two drugs
これが答えになる理由
NSAIDs reduce prostaglandin-driven blood flow to the kidney. Combined with an ACE inhibitor and a diuretic, this can cause acute kidney injury, especially in older adults. The nurse reports the result and the NSAID is usually stopped.確認に用いた資料:Creatinine blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
B · The NSAID reduces kidney blood flow on top of the other two drugs
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Rifampin speeds up warfarin metabolism
これが答えになる理由
Rifampin induces liver enzymes that break down warfarin, so warfarin's effect falls and the INR drops, increasing clot risk. The INR is monitored closely and the dose adjusted; the reverse happens when rifampin is stopped.
答え
A · Rifampin speeds up warfarin metabolism
11.薬理学
答え: D · Swelling of the lips, tongue or face
これが答えになる理由
ACE inhibitors can cause angioedema, which can obstruct the airway and needs emergency care. It is linked to raised bradykinin levels and can occur even after long use.
答え
D · Swelling of the lips, tongue or face
12.薬理学
答え: D · Take folic acid before conception and seek specialist review of her medication
これが答えになる理由
Folic acid before and in early pregnancy reduces the risk of neural tube defects. Medication should be reviewed before conception, but drugs should not be stopped suddenly because uncontrolled seizures are also dangerous.
答え
D · Take folic acid before conception and seek specialist review of her medication
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Poorly fitting stockings can cause pressure damage
これが答えになる理由
Stockings that are the wrong size or that roll down can act like a tourniquet and cause skin and pressure damage. They are measured to the leg, checked daily, and avoided in significant peripheral arterial disease, severe neuropathy or leg skin damage.
答え
D · Poorly fitting stockings can cause pressure damage
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Document and report it, as this is often normal in an athlete
これが答えになる理由
Endurance training increases vagal tone and stroke volume, so resting rates in the 40s can be normal. Without symptoms or haemodynamic compromise, no treatment is needed, though it is recorded and the team informed. Symptomatic bradycardia is treated.
答え
A · Document and report it, as this is often normal in an athlete
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Carbimazole has a higher risk of birth defects early on
これが答えになる理由
Carbimazole is linked to congenital abnormalities when used in early pregnancy, so propylthiouracil is often used in the first trimester. Propylthiouracil can cause serious liver injury, so it is not preferred at other times.
答え
B · Carbimazole has a higher risk of birth defects early on
答え: A · A fistula between the colon and the bladder
これが答えになる理由
Pneumaturia and faecaluria suggest a colovesical fistula, a recognised complication of diverticulitis (and Crohn's disease or cancer). Recurrent urinary infections are common, and surgery is usually needed.
答え: A · A gush of blood and lengthening of the cord
これが答えになる理由
Signs of placental separation include a gush of blood, lengthening of the cord at the vulva, and a uterus that rises and becomes firm and globular. Severe pain or collapse suggests a complication such as inversion.
答え
A · A gush of blood and lengthening of the cord
21.小児看護
答え: D · Use the reliever as the plan says and contact the doctor if it does not help
これが答えになる理由
In the yellow zone (often 50–80% of personal best), the child follows the plan, usually extra reliever doses, and seeks medical advice if symptoms do not improve. Red-zone symptoms need emergency help.
答え
D · Use the reliever as the plan says and contact the doctor if it does not help
答え: C · "Are you having thoughts of killing yourself?"
これが答えになる理由
Asking directly and calmly shows that it is safe to talk. Questions that suggest the "right" answer, or that minimise the problem, make it harder for the patient to be honest.
答え
C · "Are you having thoughts of killing yourself?"
24.精神看護
答え: C · Protect him from ridicule, avoid arguing and focus on real activities
これが答えになる理由
Arguing or agreeing strengthens a delusion. The nurse protects the patient's dignity, responds to his feelings and focuses on real, present activities and concerns.
答え
C · Protect him from ridicule, avoid arguing and focus on real activities
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 37.3 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
99.2 − 32 = 67.2
5/9を掛ける
T = 67.2·5/9 = 37.33 ≈ 37.3 °C
答え
T = 37.3 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: D = 17.7 mg/h
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 5 mcg/kg/min × 59 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
計算する
D = 5·59·60/1000 = 17.7 mg/h
答え
D = 17.7 mg/h
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 125 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
20·25 = 500 mg
1 回あたり
D = 500/4 = 125 mg
答え
D = 125 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 5.4 mL
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
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