Which adverse effect is a particular risk with NSAIDs such as ibuprofen?
ASevere constipation that lasts for weeks
BStomach irritation and bleeding
CLow blood sugar
DBreathing slowing down
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
On the morning of surgery, a patient who signed the consent form says they do not understand what the operation involves. What should the nurse do?
AInform the surgeon so consent can be discussed again before surgery
BReassure the patient that signing the form is enough for consent to be valid
CSend the patient to theatre, as the form is already signed
DExplain the operation's risks themselves and go ahead
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient with poorly controlled seizures asks about activities at home. Which advice is most important?
AAvoid drinking water before bed
BNever swim or bathe alone
CAvoid all forms of exercise
DSleep sitting up in a chair
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
Ten minutes into a red blood cell transfusion, the patient reports chills and low back pain and has a new fever. What should the nurse do first?
AGive an antipyretic and continue the transfusion
BSlow the transfusion and recheck vital signs in 15 minutes
CCall the blood bank and let the transfusion continue
DStop the transfusion
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A nurse needs to give report on a patient to a colleague. Which information is the most important to include?
AThe patient’s favorite television programs and hobbies
BDetails of the nurse’s own break times that shift
CPersonal opinions about the patient’s family members and their visiting habits
DThe patient’s current condition, recent changes and pending tasks
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient has a potassium of 7.0 mEq/L with peaked T waves. Several drugs are prescribed. Which one is usually given first to protect the heart?
AOral potassium binder
BOral sodium bicarbonate
CIV calcium gluconate
DIV furosemide
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient on haemodialysis has an arteriovenous fistula in the left arm. Which nursing care is correct?
AKeep the arm raised and still at all times
BAvoid blood pressure readings and blood samples on that arm
CUse the fistula arm for routine IV cannulas
DApply a tight bandage over the fistula at night to protect it
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A conscious patient with hypoglycaemia was given fast-acting carbohydrate. On re-check 15 minutes later the blood glucose is 3.6 mmol/L (65 mg/dL). What should the nurse do next?
ATake no action because the level is rising
BGive a dose of subcutaneous insulin
CGive another dose of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck
DGive a long-acting carbohydrate snack only and recheck tomorrow
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
Which finding during a transfusion suggests transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO)?
ABack pain with dark red urine output
BHives and itching without other signs
CCrackles, hypertension and a raised BNP
DA low temperature and slow heart rate
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
An older adult with type 2 diabetes is drowsy and very dehydrated. Glucose 920 mg/dL (51 mmol/L), serum osmolality 350 mOsm/kg, pH 7.36, urine ketones negative or trace. Which condition fits best?
ASyndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
BDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
CHyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
DMetformin-related lactic acidosis
11.薬理学ふつう
Long-term use of metformin can cause a deficiency of which vitamin?
AVitamin A
BVitamin K
CVitamin B12
DVitamin D
12.薬理学むずかしい
薬が血液脳関門を通過しやすくなる性質は?
A生理的 pH で正の電荷を持つこと
B高い脂溶性と小さい分子サイズ
C大きい分子量と強いタンパク結合
D高い水溶性と強いイオン化
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why must intravenous potassium chloride never be given as a rapid push or undiluted?
AIt immediately lowers the blood glucose to dangerous levels
BIt works only when given by mouth
CA sudden high potassium level can cause cardiac arrest
DIt turns into solid crystals inside the vein and blocks it
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient on a morphine PCA after surgery is very drowsy, with a respiratory rate of 7/min and pinpoint pupils. SpO₂ is 89%. What should the nurse do first?
AGive a sedative to keep the patient comfortable
BStop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
CEncourage the patient to keep pressing the PCA button for comfort
DLeave the patient to sleep and recheck the observations in an hour
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Why can a patient with an insulin pump develop DKA within hours if the pump stops working?
AThe pump gives only rapid-acting insulin, so there is no long-acting reserve
BThe battery in the pump releases chemicals into the blood
CThe pump gives long-acting insulin, which builds up and stops working all at once
DThe body becomes allergic to insulin when the pump stops
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient on levothyroxine has palpitations, weight loss and poor sleep. TSH is suppressed, and free T4 is high. What is the most likely explanation?
AThe thyroid has stopped working
BThe dose is too high
CA normal response to the drug
DThe dose is too low
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
小腸閉塞と大腸閉塞の主な臨床的な違いは何ですか?
A小腸:嘔吐がまったくない。大腸:膨満のない、早期の大量嘔吐
B小腸:早期の嘔吐で膨満は軽い。大腸:遅れて嘔吐し、著明な膨満
C臨床的な違いはなく、CTでしか区別できない
D小腸:著明な膨満のみ。大腸:痛みも嘔吐も膨満も全くない
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
After several days of a tight CPAP mask, a patient has a red, broken area on the bridge of the nose. What is this, and what should the nurse do?
AAn allergic rash; stop the CPAP for good and give oral antihistamines
BA normal mark; take no action until it heals
CA device-related pressure injury; protect skin and refit the mask
DA burn from the oxygen; apply ice to the area
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A newborn at 42 weeks has dry, cracked, peeling skin, long nails and little vernix. How is this baby best described?
ALarge for gestational age
BPreterm
CSmall for gestational age only
DPost-term (postmature)
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
看護学生が、黄疸で光線療法を受けている新生児のケアをしています。是正が必要な行動はどれですか?
A赤ちゃんの体温と水分状態を定期的に確認する
Bライトを点ける前に、皮膚にベビーオイルを塗る
C光線療法中、アイシールドで赤ちゃんの目を覆う
Dライトを消した授乳中に、アイシールドを外す
21.小児看護ふつう
A 13-year-old with scoliosis has been prescribed a brace. Which teaching is most important?
AWear it for the prescribed hours each day, with a thin cotton shirt underneath
BWear it only when the back hurts, then take it off
CWear it only at weekends and in the holidays, when it does not interfere with school
DWear it over thick clothing to make it more comfortable
NSAIDs can irritate the stomach lining and cause ulcers and bleeding. They are taken with food, avoided in some patients and may also affect the kidneys.
答え
B · Stomach irritation and bleeding
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Inform the surgeon so consent can be discussed again before surgery
これが答えになる理由
Consent is valid only if the patient understands the procedure, risks and alternatives. The nurse advocates for the patient and asks the person doing the procedure to discuss it again.
答え
A · Inform the surgeon so consent can be discussed again before surgery
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Never swim or bathe alone
これが答えになる理由
People with uncontrolled seizures are advised not to swim alone, to shower rather than bathe and to follow local laws on driving. Most normal activities can continue with sensible precautions.
答え
B · Never swim or bathe alone
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Stop the transfusion
これが答えになる理由
These signs suggest an acute transfusion reaction, possibly hemolytic. The nurse stops the transfusion at once, keeps the IV open with normal saline through new tubing, assesses the patient and notifies the provider and blood bank.
答え
D · Stop the transfusion
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · The patient’s current condition, recent changes and pending tasks
これが答えになる理由
Effective handover covers the current status, changes, risks and outstanding tasks, often using a structure such as SBAR. Opinions and unrelated details distract from what matters.
答え
D · The patient’s current condition, recent changes and pending tasks
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · IV calcium gluconate
これが答えになる理由
IV calcium stabilizes the cardiac cell membranes within minutes and is given first when hyperkalemia changes the ECG. Insulin with glucose, binders and diuretics then lower the potassium.
答え
C · IV calcium gluconate
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · Avoid blood pressure readings and blood samples on that arm
これが答えになる理由
The fistula arm is protected from pressure, cannulas and blood tests to prevent damage and clotting. Nurses check for a palpable thrill and audible bruit, which show it is working.
答え
B · Avoid blood pressure readings and blood samples on that arm
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Give another dose of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck
これが答えになる理由
If blood glucose remains below the threshold (4 mmol/L in UK guidance, 70 mg/dL in US guidance), the fast-acting treatment is repeated. Once it is above the threshold, a longer-acting carbohydrate such as a sandwich or the next meal helps prevent recurrence.
答え
C · Give another dose of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Crackles, hypertension and a raised BNP
これが答えになる理由
TACO is fluid overload, often in older adults or those with heart or kidney disease. It causes dyspnea, crackles, hypertension, distended neck veins and a raised BNP. The transfusion is stopped, the patient is sat up and diuretics may be prescribed.
答え
C · Crackles, hypertension and a raised BNP
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
これが答えになる理由
HHS causes extreme hyperglycemia and high osmolality with severe dehydration, but enough insulin is present to prevent significant ketosis, so the pH is near normal. DKA has ketones and acidosis; SIADH has low osmolality.確認に用いた資料:Ketoacidosis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023); Osmolality blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
C · Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
11.薬理学
答え: C · Vitamin B12
これが答えになる理由
Metformin reduces vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum. Deficiency can cause anaemia and neuropathy, so levels may be checked in long-term users.
答え: C · A sudden high potassium level can cause cardiac arrest
これが答えになる理由
Rapid or concentrated IV potassium can cause cardiac arrest. It is given diluted, by infusion, at controlled rates (often with a pump and ECG monitoring for higher rates). Concentrated ampoules are tightly controlled in hospitals because of fatal errors.
答え
C · A sudden high potassium level can cause cardiac arrest
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Stop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
これが答えになる理由
Sedation and slow breathing are warning signs of opioid toxicity. The nurse stops the opioid, stimulates the patient, opens the airway, gives oxygen, calls for help and gives naloxone per protocol. Naloxone is short-acting, so the patient is monitored for recurrence.
答え
B · Stop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · The pump gives only rapid-acting insulin, so there is no long-acting reserve
これが答えになる理由
Insulin pumps deliver a continuous flow of rapid-acting insulin. If delivery stops, there is no depot of long-acting insulin, so ketones can rise within a few hours. Patients carry pens or syringes as a backup.
答え
A · The pump gives only rapid-acting insulin, so there is no long-acting reserve
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · The dose is too high
これが答えになる理由
A suppressed TSH with raised free T4 and hyperthyroid symptoms in a patient on levothyroxine suggests over-replacement. The prescriber usually lowers the dose. Long-term over-replacement increases the risk of atrial fibrillation and bone loss.
答え: C · A device-related pressure injury; protect skin and refit the mask
これが答えになる理由
Masks, tubes, catheters and splints can cause pressure injuries. The nurse checks the skin under devices regularly, uses protective dressings, adjusts fit and repositions where possible.
答え
C · A device-related pressure injury; protect skin and refit the mask
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Post-term (postmature)
これが答えになる理由
Post-term babies often have dry, peeling skin, long nails, little vernix and lanugo and an alert look. They may also have meconium staining and are at risk of hypoglycaemia.
答え: A · Wear it for the prescribed hours each day, with a thin cotton shirt underneath
これが答えになる理由
A brace can slow curve progression during growth only if it is worn for the prescribed time, often most of the day and night. A thin, seamless cotton layer protects the skin, which is checked daily for redness.
答え
A · Wear it for the prescribed hours each day, with a thin cotton shirt underneath
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
25000/500 = 50 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 800/50 = 16 mL/h
答え
R = 16 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 10 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 23/min → 2
SpO₂ 96% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 142 mmHg → 0
HR 92/min → 1
無反応 (U) → 3
T 35.8 °C → 1
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 2 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 7
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
高
答え
高
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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