ACrushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug
BCrushing makes the tablet taste so bitter that patients refuse it
CCrushing makes the dose roughly twice as strong as the whole tablet
DCrushing makes the drug inactive in water
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
Why is heat usually avoided on a fresh soft-tissue injury during the first day?
AIt makes the muscles weaker for several weeks
BIt narrows blood vessels and reduces blood flow to the injury
CIt numbs the area so the patient cannot feel pain
DIt widens blood vessels and can increase swelling and bleeding
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A newly hired nurse had BCG vaccine as a child. Which TB screening test is usually preferred?
AA tuberculin skin test, which is read 24 hours after it is placed
BAn interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test
CA chest x-ray every month for the first year
DNo screening, because BCG prevents all TB
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
看護師のどの行動が、手指衛生の5つのタイミングが守られていることを示していますか?
A2人の患者の間で同じ手袋を着け続ける
B手が汚れて見えるときにだけ手指を清潔にする
Cベッド柵に触れた後に手指を清潔にする
D勤務の開始時と終了時にだけ手指を清潔にする
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
Five days after starting heparin, a patient’s platelet count has fallen by more than half. What should the nurse suspect?
AAn expected effect that needs no action
BVitamin K deficiency
CHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia
DIron deficiency anemia
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
During surgery under general anesthesia, a patient develops rising end-tidal carbon dioxide, muscle rigidity and a rapidly increasing temperature. Which drug should the nurse anticipate?
ANaloxone
BAtropine
CFlumazenil
DDantrolene
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient is started on spironolactone while already taking an ACE inhibitor. Which blood result should be watched most closely?
AGlucose, because both drugs cause hyperglycaemia
BSodium, because both drugs raise it sharply
CCalcium, because both drugs lower it
DPotassium, because both drugs can raise it
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A nurse realises she has given a patient a medicine prescribed for another patient. What should she do first?
ACheck the patient's condition and inform the doctor
BWait to see whether any side effects develop
CAsk a colleague not to mention it
DGive the patient's own medicine as well to balance it
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient had a right mastectomy with removal of axillary lymph nodes. Where is the best place to draw blood?
AThe left arm
BEither arm equally
CThe right arm
DThe right hand
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with acute kidney injury after severe dehydration has a rising creatinine. Which urine findings support a prerenal cause rather than acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
AHigh urine sodium and dilute urine with muddy brown granular casts
BWhite cell casts with positive nitrites on the dipstick
CLow urine sodium and concentrated urine with a high specific gravity
DRed cell casts with heavy protein loss in the urine
11.薬理学ふつう
一定間隔で投与した薬が定常状態に達するまで、おおよそどのくらいかかりますか?
A半減期の 10 倍
B半減期の 4~5 倍
C投与量の大きさだけで決まる
D半減期 1 回分
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on long-term lithium passes large amounts of dilute urine and is always thirsty. What is the most likely explanation?
ALithium causes type 1 diabetes by destroying the pancreatic beta cells
BLithium blocks the kidney's response to ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus)
CLithium increases ADH release from the pituitary
DThe patient is drinking too much and lithium is unrelated
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient who had a stroke has a weak swallow. Which measure most reduces the risk of aspiration pneumonia?
AA swallowing assessment and sitting upright for meals
BGiving thin fluids quickly through a straw between meals
CGiving meals while the patient is drowsy
DLying flat for 30 minutes after eating to aid digestion
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with a COPD exacerbation has been on NIV for two hours. They are now more drowsy, and the pH has fallen further despite a good mask fit. What should the nurse do?
AEscalate urgently for review of intubation or a ceiling of care
BRemove the mask and give nebulised bronchodilators only from now on
CContinue NIV unchanged and repeat the blood gas tomorrow morning
DGive a sedative to help the patient tolerate the mask
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A routine blood test shows a potassium of 6.4 mmol/L. The lab reports that the sample was haemolysed. The patient feels well. What should the nurse do?
AGive oral potassium supplements straight away
BIgnore it, because haemolysis always gives a normal result
CStart dialysis as soon as possible
DInform the doctor and arrange an urgent repeat sample
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
中枢性尿崩症の患者がデスモプレシンを開始しました。看護師が監視すべき合併症はどれですか?
A高血糖
B低ナトリウム血症
C高カリウム血症
D重度の下痢
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which intervention most reduces pressure ulcer risk in an immobile patient?
AKeeping the head of the bed raised at 90° all day
BMassaging red areas firmly at each turn to bring back the circulation
CUsing a doughnut-shaped ring cushion
DRegular repositioning and a pressure-redistributing mattress
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient with a permanent pacemaker is booked for surgery using monopolar diathermy. Why must the team know?
APacemakers stop all bleeding during surgery
BThe patient cannot have any anaesthetic at all
CThe pacemaker will always be removed during surgery
DDiathermy can interfere with the pacemaker's function
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman in labour has severe back pain with each contraction. The fetus is in an occiput posterior position. Which measure is most likely to help?
ASacral counterpressure and a hands-and-knees position
BLying flat on her back with her legs raised
CHolding her breath and pushing with each contraction
DAvoiding movement until full dilation
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman with gestational diabetes asks if she will have diabetes after the baby is born. Which reply is accurate?
AIt will continue unless she stops breastfeeding
BIt always becomes type 1 diabetes after birth
CIt never returns, so no further glucose testing is needed after birth
DIt usually resolves, but her risk of type 2 diabetes stays higher
21.小児看護ふつう
細気管支炎の乳児に最も役立つ看護はどれですか?
A乳児が改善するまで、すべての授乳を中止する
B定期的な抗菌薬
C気道の分泌物が排出されるよう、うつぶせで平らに寝かせる
D授乳前の優しい鼻吸引と、水分状態および酸素飽和度のモニタリング
22.小児看護むずかしい
Which finding helps to distinguish epiglottitis from croup?
ASymptoms that improve within hours after a single dose of oral corticosteroid
BA hoarse voice with mild fever and a runny nose
CA barking cough that is worse at night after a cold
DDrooling, high fever and a toxic look, without a barking cough
23.精神看護ふつう
An agitated patient has not responded to verbal de-escalation. A PRN medicine is prescribed. What is the most appropriate step?
APlace him in seclusion and then decide about medicine later
BOffer the oral medicine first, before considering an injection
CHide the medicine in his drink without telling him
DGive an intramuscular injection at once without offering any choice
答え: A · Crushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug
これが答えになる理由
Enteric coatings stop the tablet dissolving until it reaches the small intestine, protecting the stomach lining or the drug from stomach acid. Crushing destroys this protection.
答え
A · Crushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · It widens blood vessels and can increase swelling and bleeding
これが答えになる理由
Heat causes vasodilation, which can worsen swelling and bleeding in an acute injury. Cold is used first; heat may help later with stiffness.
答え
D · It widens blood vessels and can increase swelling and bleeding
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · An interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test
これが答えになる理由
BCG vaccine can cause a false-positive tuberculin skin test. IGRA blood tests are not affected by BCG, so they are preferred for people who have had the vaccine.
答え
B · An interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia usually appears 5–10 days after starting heparin, with a large fall in platelets and a risk of clotting. The nurse reports at once so heparin can be stopped.
答え
C · Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Dantrolene
これが答えになる理由
Malignant hyperthermia is a reaction to some anesthetic agents that causes hypermetabolism. The triggering drug is stopped and dantrolene is given, with active cooling and support.
答え
D · Dantrolene
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Potassium, because both drugs can raise it
これが答えになる理由
Spironolactone and ACE inhibitors both reduce potassium excretion, so the combination can cause dangerous hyperkalaemia. Potassium and renal function should be checked regularly.
答え
D · Potassium, because both drugs can raise it
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · Check the patient's condition and inform the doctor
これが答えになる理由
The first priority is the patient: assess them and inform the prescriber so that any treatment can be given. The error must then be documented, reported and discussed openly with the patient (open disclosure; in the UK, the statutory duty of candour).
答え
A · Check the patient's condition and inform the doctor
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · The left arm
これが答えになる理由
After axillary node removal, venipuncture and blood pressure readings are usually avoided on that side to reduce the risk of lymphedema and infection. The opposite arm is used whenever possible, according to policy.
答え
A · The left arm
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Low urine sodium and concentrated urine with a high specific gravity
これが答えになる理由
In prerenal AKI the tubules are intact, so they keep sodium and water, giving a low urine sodium and concentrated urine. In ATN the damaged tubules cannot do this, so urine sodium is high, the urine is dilute and muddy brown casts appear.確認に用いた資料:Urine specific gravity test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
C · Low urine sodium and concentrated urine with a high specific gravity
答え: B · Lithium blocks the kidney's response to ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus)
これが答えになる理由
Lithium interferes with ADH action in the collecting duct, causing polyuria and polydipsia. Dehydration from this can raise lithium levels further, so fluid balance matters.
答え
B · Lithium blocks the kidney's response to ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus)
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · A swallowing assessment and sitting upright for meals
これが答えになる理由
Patients with dysphagia need a formal swallowing assessment, food and fluid textures that are safe for them, sitting upright during and after meals and close supervision. Good oral hygiene also reduces the bacterial load that can be aspirated.
答え
A · A swallowing assessment and sitting upright for meals
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Escalate urgently for review of intubation or a ceiling of care
これが答えになる理由
Worsening acidosis and consciousness on NIV mean treatment is failing. Senior review is needed to decide on intubation and ventilation or, if agreed in advance, a ceiling of care. Ideally the plan for NIV failure is documented when NIV is started. Sedation would depress breathing further.
答え
A · Escalate urgently for review of intubation or a ceiling of care
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Inform the doctor and arrange an urgent repeat sample
これが答えになる理由
Haemolysis releases potassium from red cells and can falsely raise the result. A repeat sample is taken urgently, and an ECG may be done. If the ECG shows hyperkalaemic changes, treatment should not wait.
答え
D · Inform the doctor and arrange an urgent repeat sample
答え: D · Regular repositioning and a pressure-redistributing mattress
これが答えになる理由
Regular repositioning according to risk and suitable support surfaces reduce pressure. Massaging red areas and ring cushions can damage tissue and are not recommended.
答え
D · Regular repositioning and a pressure-redistributing mattress
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Diathermy can interfere with the pacemaker's function
これが答えになる理由
Electrical interference from monopolar diathermy can inhibit or reprogram pacemakers and defibrillators. The team plans ahead, for example using bipolar diathermy, placing the plate carefully or having the device checked.
答え
D · Diathermy can interfere with the pacemaker's function
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Sacral counterpressure and a hands-and-knees position
これが答えになる理由
In occiput posterior positions the fetal head presses on the sacrum. Counterpressure on the lower back and positions such as hands-and-knees or leaning forward ease pain and may help the head rotate.
答え
A · Sacral counterpressure and a hands-and-knees position
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · It usually resolves, but her risk of type 2 diabetes stays higher
これが答えになる理由
Gestational diabetes usually resolves after birth, but the risk of later type 2 diabetes is much higher. She should have a glucose test after birth and regular screening, and keep up a healthy weight and activity.
答え
D · It usually resolves, but her risk of type 2 diabetes stays higher
答え: D · Drooling, high fever and a toxic look, without a barking cough
これが答えになる理由
Epiglottitis typically starts suddenly with high fever, drooling, difficulty swallowing and a toxic appearance; the child sits forward and there is little cough. Croup is usually viral, with a barking cough and hoarseness after cold symptoms.
答え
D · Drooling, high fever and a toxic look, without a barking cough
23.精神看護
答え: B · Offer the oral medicine first, before considering an injection
これが答えになる理由
Offering oral medication respects choice and is less restrictive than an injection. Covert administration is only lawful in specific, documented circumstances, not as a routine approach.
答え
B · Offer the oral medicine first, before considering an injection
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
濃度
1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL
薬剤の質量
m = 10·50 = 500 mg
答え
m = 500 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: W = 200 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
原液の量
V₁ = 5·250/25 = 50 mL
加える水の量
W = 250 − 50 = 200 mL
答え
W = 200 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 280 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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