Why can side rails be dangerous for a confused, restless patient?
ASide rails stop staff from reaching the patient in an emergency
BSide rails always cause pressure injuries
CSide rails make the bed move by itself
DThe patient may climb over them or get trapped in gaps
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient on chemotherapy develops shingles over several areas on both sides of the body. Which precautions are needed?
AAirborne and contact precautions until all lesions are crusted
BDroplet precautions until the pain settles
CContact precautions only, with gloves for dressing changes
DStandard precautions only, with the lesions covered
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
LPN/LVN に割り当てるのに最も適切な患者はどれですか?
A経口薬が必要な、安定した慢性心不全の患者
B回復室から到着し、初期アセスメントが必要な患者
C最初の赤血球製剤の投与を受けようとしている患者
D30 分前に新たな胸痛で入院した患者
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
Six hours after surgery, a patient has not passed urine, feels the urge to go and has a firm swelling above the pubic bone. What is the most likely problem?
AAcute kidney injury with no urine made
BUrinary retention
CA normal effect of the anesthetic
DDehydration from fasting before surgery
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient is receiving IV fluids for several days. Which monitoring is essential?
AFluid balance, regular weights and urea, creatinine and electrolytes
BPeak flow readings
CWeekly temperature and a single blood glucose reading
DMonthly HbA1c
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
An adult with capacity refuses a blood transfusion for religious reasons, even though it may save their life. What should the nurse do?
ASedate the patient so the transfusion can be given
BRespect the refusal, check it is informed and document it, and inform the team
CGive the transfusion while the patient is asleep, as it is in their best interests
A patient receiving IV magnesium sulfate has a respiratory rate of 9/min and absent patellar reflexes. After stopping the infusion, which medication should the nurse expect to give?
AProtamine sulfate
BCalcium gluconate
CPotassium chloride
DSodium bicarbonate
11.薬理学ふつう
エンパグリフロジンなどの SGLT2 阻害薬はどのように血糖を下げますか?
Aβ細胞からのインスリン分泌を刺激する
B尿中へのブドウ糖の排出を増やす
C肝臓がより多くのグリコーゲンを蓄えるようにする
D胃の排出を遅くする
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient has SIADH with mild hyponatraemia and no neurological symptoms. What is usually the first-line treatment?
ALarge volumes of IV glucose 5%
BDesmopressin
CA rapid bolus of hypertonic saline
DFluid restriction
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
What is the main difference between CPAP and bilevel NIV (often called BiPAP)?
ABilevel NIV adds a higher inspiratory pressure, helping remove CO₂
BBilevel NIV gives oxygen only, without any positive airway pressure
CCPAP is given only through a tracheostomy
DCPAP is mainly used to lower a raised PaCO₂ in COPD exacerbations
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient's blood gas shows pH 7.26, PaCO₂ 9.0 kPa (68 mmHg) and bicarbonate 25 mmol/L. What does this show?
AMetabolic alkalosis
BRespiratory alkalosis
CMetabolic acidosis with compensation
DAcute respiratory acidosis
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
発作が5分続いており、なお続いています。通常の第一選択の薬物療法はどれですか?
Aほかの何よりも先に、フェニトインの静注負荷量
Bロラゼパムの静注やミダゾラムの頬粘膜投与などのベンゾジアゼピン
Cすべての患者に50%ブドウ糖を静注して、再評価する
D外側の大腿へのアドレナリンの筋注
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with a cervical spinal cord injury is helped to sit up for the first time. They become dizzy and pale, and the BP falls from 110/70 to 78/46 mmHg. What should the nurse do?
AGive a large meal and a strong coffee to raise the blood pressure
BContinue sitting them upright, because it will pass in an hour
CStand the patient up to improve the blood flow to the legs
DLower the patient back towards lying, then raise them gradually later
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which medicine commonly delays wound healing?
AParacetamol
BLong-term corticosteroids
CVitamin C supplements
DSaline eye drops
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient's ileostomy output is 2.5 L a day. They feel tired and dizzy and are drinking large amounts of water. Which advice is usually appropriate?
ALimit plain drinks and use an oral rehydration solution
BDrink even more plain water and tea to replace the losses
答え: C · Over a sink lined with a towel or partly filled with water
これが答えになる理由
Cleaning over a padded or water-filled sink cushions a fall. Hot water can warp dentures, and abrasives scratch them; they are stored in a labelled denture pot.
答え
C · Over a sink lined with a towel or partly filled with water
答え: D · The patient may climb over them or get trapped in gaps
これが答えになる理由
Confused patients may climb over rails and fall from a greater height or become trapped between the rail and mattress. Alternatives such as low beds and close observation are often safer.
答え
D · The patient may climb over them or get trapped in gaps
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Airborne and contact precautions until all lesions are crusted
これが答えになる理由
Lesions over several areas on both sides mean disseminated zoster, which can spread through the air like chickenpox. Airborne and contact precautions are used until all lesions are dry and crusted. Localized zoster in an immunocompromised patient also needs airborne and contact precautions, but only until dissemination is ruled out.
答え
A · Airborne and contact precautions until all lesions are crusted
An urge to void with a palpable bladder points to retention, not reduced urine production. The nurse confirms with a bladder scan if available and follows the prescribed plan, such as catheterization.
答え
B · Urinary retention
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · Fluid balance, regular weights and urea, creatinine and electrolytes
これが答えになる理由
IV fluids can cause overload or electrolyte imbalance. Fluid balance charts, weight, clinical assessment and blood tests guide the prescription.
答え
A · Fluid balance, regular weights and urea, creatinine and electrolytes
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · Respect the refusal, check it is informed and document it, and inform the team
これが答えになる理由
An adult with capacity has the right to refuse treatment, even life-saving treatment. The team should make sure the patient understands the consequences, discuss alternatives such as cell salvage and record the decision.
答え
B · Respect the refusal, check it is informed and document it, and inform the team
Absent reflexes and slow breathing indicate magnesium toxicity. The infusion is stopped, the provider is called, the airway and breathing are supported, and IV calcium gluconate is given as prescribed to counteract magnesium.
In SIADH, excess ADH makes the kidneys retain water. Restricting fluid intake raises sodium gradually; hypertonic saline is kept for severe symptomatic cases, and hypotonic fluids and desmopressin would worsen it.
答え
D · Fluid restriction
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Bilevel NIV adds a higher inspiratory pressure, helping remove CO₂
これが答えになる理由
CPAP gives one continuous pressure that splints the airways and alveoli open, improving oxygenation (for example in pulmonary oedema or OSA). Bilevel NIV adds a higher inspiratory pressure that supports ventilation, so it is used for hypercapnic respiratory failure such as COPD exacerbations.
答え
A · Bilevel NIV adds a higher inspiratory pressure, helping remove CO₂
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Acute respiratory acidosis
これが答えになる理由
A low pH with raised PaCO₂ is respiratory acidosis. A normal bicarbonate (about 22–26 mmol/L) shows the kidneys have not yet compensated, so the problem is acute, as in opioid toxicity, exhaustion or an acute COPD exacerbation. Treatment targets ventilation.
答え: D · Lower the patient back towards lying, then raise them gradually later
これが答えになる理由
Loss of sympathetic tone causes orthostatic hypotension after high spinal injuries. The patient is reclined, and later raised gradually, often with compression stockings, an abdominal binder and sometimes medicines.
答え
D · Lower the patient back towards lying, then raise them gradually later
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Long-term corticosteroids
これが答えになる理由
Corticosteroids suppress the inflammatory phase, collagen formation and immunity, delaying healing and raising infection risk. Other factors include diabetes, smoking, malnutrition, poor perfusion and chemotherapy.
答え
B · Long-term corticosteroids
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Limit plain drinks and use an oral rehydration solution
これが答えになる理由
In high-output stomas, hypotonic drinks increase sodium loss through the stoma. Restricting them and using a glucose–salt oral rehydration solution, with antimotility drugs as prescribed and medical review, helps correct dehydration.
答え
A · Limit plain drinks and use an oral rehydration solution
High AFP is linked to open neural tube defects and abdominal wall defects, but also to wrong dates or twins. Low AFP is associated with trisomy 21. A detailed ultrasound is the next step.
答え
B · An open neural tube defect
21.小児看護
答え: D · Pull the pinna gently down and back
これが答えになる理由
In children under about 3 years the ear canal is short and angled upward, so the pinna is pulled down and back. In older children and adults it is pulled up and back.
答え: C · Avoid showering or changing clothes, and bring any clothing already removed in a paper bag
これが答えになる理由
Not washing, changing or eating where possible helps keep evidence. Paper bags are used because plastic traps moisture and can degrade biological evidence. Her medical needs and choices remain the priority.
答え
C · Avoid showering or changing clothes, and bring any clothing already removed in a paper bag
24.精神看護
答え: B · "Let's slow down and talk about one thing at a time. What worries you most right now?"
これが答えになる理由
Focusing directs the conversation to one main concern, which reduces overwhelm and makes the problem easier to work on. A calm, slow pace from the nurse also helps lower anxiety.
答え
B · "Let's slow down and talk about one thing at a time. What worries you most right now?"
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: h = 124 cm
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
インチでの身長
4·12 + 1 = 49 in
インチからセンチメートルへ
h = 49·2.54 = 124.5 ≈ 124 cm
答え
h = 124 cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 150 mL
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1 回あたりの容量
1½ tsp = 1.5·5 = 7.5 mL
全投与期間
V = 7.5 mL × 4/日 × 5 = 150 mL
答え
V = 150 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 10 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
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