At the start of a shift, which task should the nurse do first?
AGive the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
BChange the bed linen of a patient who is going home
COrder supplies for the ward store room
DUpdate the ward whiteboard with the names of all the new patients
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Why is keeping a patient warm (normothermia) during surgery part of infection prevention?
ALow body temperature reduces blood flow and immune function in the wound
BWarmth sterilizes the surgical site
CCold makes bacteria grow faster in the operating room air and on the drapes
DWarm patients do not need antibiotic prophylaxis
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
Minutes after the first IV dose of an antibiotic starts, the patient develops wheezing, hives and low blood pressure. What should the nurse do first?
ASlow the infusion rate
BStop the infusion
CGive an oral antihistamine
DRecord the new allergy in the chart
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A nurse cannot read part of a medication order. What should the nurse do?
AAsk another nurse to guess what the order most likely says, then give it
BContact the prescriber to clarify the order before giving the drug
CGive the usual dose of the drug the nurse thinks was meant
DSkip the drug and not tell anyone until the next ward round
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient with known abdominal aortic aneurysm suddenly has severe back pain, a pulsing mass in the abdomen and a falling blood pressure. What should the nurse do?
APalpate the mass firmly to check its size and spread
BCall for emergency help at once and prepare for urgent surgery
CGive an oral analgesic and reassess the patient in about one hour
DEncourage the patient to walk to ease the back pain
7.臨床看護学ふつう
点滴中、カニューレ周囲が腫れて冷たく青白くなり、点滴の速度が遅くなりました。考えられることは?
A静脈壁の細菌感染による静脈炎
B循環の体液過剰
C空気塞栓
D周囲の組織への輸液の浸潤(漏れ)
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
An older patient found on the floor after lying there for many hours has dark brown urine and a very high creatine kinase. What is the main risk?
答え: A · Give the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
これが答えになる理由
In sepsis antibiotics are time-critical, and every hour of delay increases the risk of death. Routine tasks are done afterwards.
答え
A · Give the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Low body temperature reduces blood flow and immune function in the wound
これが答えになる理由
Hypothermia causes vasoconstriction and less oxygen in the wound, which weakens the immune defense. Keeping the patient warm is linked to fewer surgical site infections.
答え
A · Low body temperature reduces blood flow and immune function in the wound
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Stop the infusion
これが答えになる理由
These are signs of anaphylaxis. The nurse stops the infusion at once, calls for help and supports the airway, and intramuscular epinephrine (adrenaline) is the first-line treatment. Documentation comes later.
答え
B · Stop the infusion
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Contact the prescriber to clarify the order before giving the drug
これが答えになる理由
An unclear order must be clarified with the prescriber before the medication is given. Guessing or ignoring the order can harm the patient.
答え
B · Contact the prescriber to clarify the order before giving the drug
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Call for emergency help at once and prepare for urgent surgery
これが答えになる理由
Sudden severe back or abdominal pain with hypotension in a patient with an aneurysm suggests rupture, which is fatal without urgent surgery. The mass should not be palpated firmly.
答え
B · Call for emergency help at once and prepare for urgent surgery
Prolonged pressure on muscles causes rhabdomyolysis, releasing myoglobin and potassium. Myoglobin can block kidney tubules; treatment includes IV fluids and close monitoring of urine output and electrolytes.
答え: C · Hemoglobin 6.4 g/dL (64 g/L) with new chest pain and a pulse of 124/min
これが答えになる理由
Severe anemia with chest pain and tachycardia suggests the heart is not receiving enough oxygen, which needs urgent action, often including transfusion. The other results are mildly abnormal but expected or stable.確認に用いた資料:Anemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答え
C · Hemoglobin 6.4 g/dL (64 g/L) with new chest pain and a pulse of 124/min
11.薬理学
答え: A · Stop and recheck the order and the medicine before giving it
これが答えになる理由
A patient's concern can reveal a wrong drug or wrong patient error. The nurse rechecks the order and product, and may call the pharmacy; a different brand or strength may explain the change.
答え
A · Stop and recheck the order and the medicine before giving it
12.薬理学
答え: D · 20 mL/h
これが答えになる理由
25,000 units ÷ 500 mL = 50 units/mL, and 1,000 units/h ÷ 50 units/mL = 20 mL/h. Heparin is a high-alert drug, so the calculation and pump settings are independently double-checked.
答え
D · 20 mL/h
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Apply firm pressure to the site for several minutes
これが答えになる理由
Firm pressure for at least about 5 minutes (longer in patients on anticoagulants or with clotting problems) prevents a haematoma. The hand is checked for colour and circulation. The sample is processed promptly.
答え
A · Apply firm pressure to the site for several minutes
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Effective analgesia so they can breathe deeply and cough
これが答えになる理由
Pain from rib fractures causes shallow breathing and poor coughing, leading to atelectasis and pneumonia, especially in older adults. Good analgesia (sometimes regional blocks), deep breathing, coughing with support and early mobilisation are key. Chest strapping restricts breathing and is not used.
答え
A · Effective analgesia so they can breathe deeply and cough
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Loss of movement and pain sense, with position sense kept
これが答えになる理由
Anterior cord syndrome usually follows damage to the anterior spinal artery. Motor, pain and temperature pathways are lost below the injury, but the dorsal columns (fine touch, vibration and proprioception) at the back are spared.
答え
A · Loss of movement and pain sense, with position sense kept
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Tell the prescriber and check glucose often overnight
これが答えになる理由
Rapid-acting insulin without a meal can cause hypoglycaemia. The nurse informs the prescriber, monitors glucose closely, offers carbohydrate, follows advice about the missed basal dose and reports the incident.
答え
A · Tell the prescriber and check glucose often overnight
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Withdrawal occurs if the drug is stopped suddenly
これが答えになる理由
Physical dependence is a predictable adaptation to regular opioids, causing withdrawal if they stop suddenly, so doses are tapered. Addiction is a behavioural condition with craving, loss of control and continued use despite harm.
答え
A · Withdrawal occurs if the drug is stopped suddenly
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Cardiac tamponade from a pericardial effusion
これが答えになる理由
Malignant pericardial effusion can compress the heart, causing hypotension, raised JVP and muffled heart sounds. It is an emergency needing urgent echocardiography and drainage (pericardiocentesis).
答え
C · Cardiac tamponade from a pericardial effusion
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Her antibodies cross the placenta and protect the newborn
これが答えになる理由
Maternal pertussis antibodies cross the placenta and protect the newborn before it can be immunised. Whooping cough can be fatal in young infants.
答え
C · Her antibodies cross the placenta and protect the newborn
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · The opioid's effect on the fetal brain
これが答えになる理由
Opioids, magnesium sulfate and fetal sleep can temporarily reduce variability. Without decelerations, it is likely drug-related, but the tracing should be watched for return of variability.
答え
C · The opioid's effect on the fetal brain
21.小児看護
答え: A · Patent ductus arteriosus
これが答えになる理由
In a patent ductus arteriosus, blood flows from the aorta to the pulmonary artery throughout the cardiac cycle because aortic pressure is always higher. This produces a continuous, machinery-like murmur.
答え
A · Patent ductus arteriosus
22.小児看護
答え: A · Allow them to stay if they wish, with a staff member to support and explain
これが答えになる理由
Many families want to be present, and guidelines support offering this with a dedicated staff member to explain and support them. Family presence can help with grief and does not generally interfere with resuscitation.
答え
A · Allow them to stay if they wish, with a staff member to support and explain
23.精神看護
答え: C · Red eyes, increased appetite, dry mouth and a fast heart rate
これが答えになる理由
Cannabis intoxication typically causes conjunctival injection, increased appetite, dry mouth, tachycardia, impaired coordination and altered perception of time. High doses can cause anxiety or psychosis.
答え
C · Red eyes, increased appetite, dry mouth and a fast heart rate
24.精神看護
答え: D · A patient given IM haloperidol and lorazepam 30 minutes ago who is hard to rouse, breathing 8/min
これが答えになる理由
Over-sedation with respiratory depression after rapid tranquillisation is a medical emergency. Airway, breathing and vital signs are checked immediately, and help is called.
答え
D · A patient given IM haloperidol and lorazepam 30 minutes ago who is hard to rouse, breathing 8/min
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 101.8 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
濃度
0.5% = 5 mg/mL
体積
V = 2.5/5 = 0.5 mL
答え
V = 0.5 mL
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 22.5 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 8/min → 3
SpO₂ 99% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 118 mmHg → 0
HR 64/min → 0
新たな錯乱 (C) → 3
T 38.4 °C → 1
足す
NEWS2 = 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 3 + 1 = 7
答え
NEWS2 = 7
34.臨床アセスメントスコア
答え: 低~中
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 8/min → 3
SpO₂ 99% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 118 mmHg → 0
HR 82/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 36.9 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 3
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
低~中
答え
低~中
単独で3点がある場合は、合計が低くても緊急の診察が必要です。
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