A student nurse is asked to carry out a procedure they have not been trained to do. What should they do?
AAsk the patient to talk them through it
BWatch a video and then do it alone
CDo it anyway, carefully, to avoid upsetting the team or delaying care
DExplain that they have not been trained and ask for supervision
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient has been taught to walk with underarm crutches. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll check the rubber tips regularly for wear."
B"I'll keep the crutch tips about a step out to the side and front."
C"I'll take my weight through my hands on the hand grips."
D"I'll rest my weight on the tops of the crutches under my arms."
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A child has swallowed a button battery. Why is this urgent?
AIt can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
BThe only risk is poisoning from heavy metals years later
CIt is only harmful if several batteries are swallowed
DIt always passes through the gut without harm
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A competent patient at high risk of falls insists on walking to the bathroom alone. What is the best nursing approach?
ATell the patient that walking alone is against hospital law
BExplain the risks, agree on ways to reduce them, respect the decision and document
CApply wrist restraints so the patient stays in bed
DRemove the patient’s shoes and walking aid so that they cannot walk alone
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
Which postoperative patient should the nurse see first?
AAsking when the urinary catheter will be removed
BWants help with washing her hair before her visitors arrive this afternoon
CPain of 4/10 one hour after an oral analgesic
DDressing soaked with bright red blood and a heart rate rising to 118/min
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
During an infusion of a thrombolytic drug for stroke, the patient develops a severe headache and starts vomiting. What should the nurse do first?
AContinue the infusion, because headache is expected
BStop the infusion and inform the provider at once
CSlow the infusion and give an antiemetic as prescribed
DGive a dose of aspirin for the headache
7.臨床看護学ふつう
患者の水分出納表では、24 時間の摂取量が 1,200 mL、排出量が 2,300 mL です。これは何を示していますか?
A1,100 mL のマイナスバランス
B3,500 mL のプラスバランス
C釣り合った水分状態
D1,100 mL のプラスバランス
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
After a viral illness, a patient has sharp chest pain that is worse lying flat and eased by sitting forward. What is the most likely cause?
AStable angina
BPulmonary oedema
CAortic dissection
DPericarditis
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A blood sample drawn just after a patient ate a fatty meal is reported as "lipemic." What does this mean for the results?
AThe sample shows the patient has diabetic ketoacidosis
BHigh fat in the sample may interfere with some test results
CThe sample was contaminated by an IV fluid with dextrose
DThe results are more accurate than in a fasting sample
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
During surgery under general anesthesia, a patient develops a rising end-tidal CO2, muscle rigidity and tachycardia, then a high potassium and a rising temperature. Which condition is most likely?
AAcute hemolytic transfusion reaction
BHypoglycemia from fasting
CHypovolemic shock
DMalignant hyperthermia
11.薬理学ふつう
Which blood test is commonly used to monitor a continuous infusion of unfractionated heparin?
AINR (international normalised ratio, prothrombin time)
BSerum potassium
CHaemoglobin A1c
DActivated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
12.薬理学むずかしい
An older patient who has taken omeprazole for many years has muscle cramps, tremor and an irregular heartbeat. Which lab finding is most likely linked to the drug?
ALow serum glucose
BHigh serum sodium
CLow serum magnesium
DHigh serum calcium
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
After a bronchoscopy with throat anaesthesia, when can the patient eat and drink?
AOnly after a chest X-ray has been reported
BImmediately after the scope is removed
CWhen the gag and cough reflexes have returned
DAfter a full 24 hours without food
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient is listed for coronary angiography in the morning. Which pre-procedure result should the nurse report to the team?
AA blood glucose of 5.4 mmol/L (97 mg/dL)
BA markedly reduced eGFR
CA normal platelet count
DA haemoglobin in the normal range
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
When a patient sticks out their tongue, it points to the right. Which nerve is affected?
Which stool pattern is typical of Hirschsprung disease in an older child?
AFrequent bloody diarrhoea with fever after eating chicken
BNormal stools with occasional itching around the anus at night
CChronic constipation with thin, ribbon-like, foul-smelling stools and distension
DPale, bulky, fatty stools that float and are hard to flush, with a large appetite
22.小児看護むずかしい
An infant with heart failure is breathing fast and working hard. Which position helps most?
AProne with the head turned to the side
BSemi-upright, with the head and chest raised
CLying flat on the left side only
DFlat on the back with the legs raised
23.精神看護ふつう
How does repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) differ from ECT?
AIt needs a general anaesthetic and causes a seizure, like ECT
BIt involves surgically implanting electrodes deep in the brain under anaesthetic
CIt is given as a daily tablet that contains tiny magnetic particles
DIt uses magnetic pulses on the scalp while the patient is awake, without causing a seizure
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient in alcohol withdrawal had a CIWA-Ar score of 8 four hours ago. It is now 22, and he is sweating heavily and very anxious. What should the nurse do?
AWait for the next routine score in four hours before deciding
BGive the prescribed symptom-triggered benzodiazepine, increase monitoring and inform the prescriber
CEncourage him to drink a large glass of wine to settle the symptoms
DReduce monitoring, because a higher score on this scale means that his withdrawal is improving
答え: D · Explain that they have not been trained and ask for supervision
これが答えになる理由
Nurses and students must only practise within their competence. Saying so, and asking to observe or be supervised, protects the patient and the student.
答え
D · Explain that they have not been trained and ask for supervision
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · "I'll rest my weight on the tops of the crutches under my arms."
これが答えになる理由
Leaning on the armpits can damage the brachial plexus and cause crutch palsy. Weight is taken through the hands, with a gap of a few finger-widths between the crutch top and the armpit.
答え
D · "I'll rest my weight on the tops of the crutches under my arms."
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · It can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
これが答えになる理由
A button battery lodged in the esophagus can cause severe chemical burns within a few hours, so the child needs emergency assessment and often removal. It should never be treated as harmless.
答え
A · It can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Explain the risks, agree on ways to reduce them, respect the decision and document
これが答えになる理由
A competent patient can accept a risk. The nurse explains the danger, offers measures such as a low bed, non-slip footwear, a clear path and a call light, respects the choice and documents the discussion.
答え
B · Explain the risks, agree on ways to reduce them, respect the decision and document
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Dressing soaked with bright red blood and a heart rate rising to 118/min
これが答えになる理由
Heavy fresh bleeding with a rising heart rate suggests hemorrhage and early shock. The other patients have routine needs that can wait.
答え
D · Dressing soaked with bright red blood and a heart rate rising to 118/min
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Stop the infusion and inform the provider at once
これが答えになる理由
A new severe headache, vomiting or neurological decline during thrombolysis can mean intracranial bleeding. The infusion is stopped, the provider informed and an urgent scan arranged.
答え
B · Stop the infusion and inform the provider at once
Pericarditis typically causes sharp, positional chest pain relieved by sitting forward, sometimes with a pericardial rub. Viral infection is a common cause.
答え
D · Pericarditis
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · High fat in the sample may interfere with some test results
これが答えになる理由
Lipemia makes serum cloudy and can interfere with several laboratory methods, giving inaccurate results. The test may need to be repeated, often after a fast, according to laboratory advice.
答え
B · High fat in the sample may interfere with some test results
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Malignant hyperthermia
これが答えになる理由
Malignant hyperthermia is a genetic hypermetabolic reaction to volatile anesthetics or succinylcholine. Muscle cells release calcium, producing CO2, heat, rigidity, hyperkalemia and very high CK. It is treated with dantrolene and stopping the trigger.
答え
D · Malignant hyperthermia
11.薬理学
答え: D · Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
これが答えになる理由
Unfractionated heparin is often monitored with the aPTT, and the infusion rate is adjusted according to a protocol. Low-molecular-weight heparins usually do not need routine aPTT checks.
答え
D · Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
12.薬理学
答え: C · Low serum magnesium
これが答えになる理由
Long-term PPI use can cause hypomagnesaemia, which leads to cramps, tremor and arrhythmias. Other long-term risks include fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency and C. difficile infection.
答え
C · Low serum magnesium
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · When the gag and cough reflexes have returned
これが答えになる理由
Local anaesthetic sprayed on the throat abolishes the gag and cough reflexes for a time, so food or fluid could be aspirated. The nurse checks that the reflexes have returned (often after about one to two hours) before giving sips of water and then food.
答え
C · When the gag and cough reflexes have returned
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · A markedly reduced eGFR
これが答えになる理由
Contrast can worsen renal function, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes or dehydration. Reduced eGFR may change the plan, such as IV hydration, less contrast and review of nephrotoxic drugs. Allergy history, anticoagulants and bleeding risk are also checked.
答え
B · A markedly reduced eGFR
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · The right hypoglossal nerve (XII)
これが答えになる理由
With a lower motor neuron lesion of the hypoglossal nerve, the tongue deviates towards the side of the lesion, because the healthy muscles push it across. Wasting and fasciculation of that side may also be seen.
Enteral feeds bind phenytoin and lower its levels, risking seizures. Feeds are usually paused around doses, as advised by the pharmacist, and drug levels are monitored.
答え: C · Chronic constipation with thin, ribbon-like, foul-smelling stools and distension
これが答えになる理由
In children diagnosed later, Hirschsprung disease causes chronic constipation, abdominal distension, poor growth and thin, ribbon-like, foul-smelling stools. Most cases are found in the newborn period with delayed meconium.
答え
C · Chronic constipation with thin, ribbon-like, foul-smelling stools and distension
22.小児看護
答え: B · Semi-upright, with the head and chest raised
これが答えになる理由
A semi-upright position lowers the pressure of abdominal organs on the diaphragm and eases breathing. Raising the legs would increase venous return and may worsen pulmonary congestion.
答え
B · Semi-upright, with the head and chest raised
23.精神看護
答え: D · It uses magnetic pulses on the scalp while the patient is awake, without causing a seizure
これが答えになる理由
rTMS stimulates specific brain areas with a magnetic coil held on the head. It does not need anaesthesia or cause a seizure and is used for depression that has not responded to medicines.
答え
D · It uses magnetic pulses on the scalp while the patient is awake, without causing a seizure
24.精神看護
答え: B · Give the prescribed symptom-triggered benzodiazepine, increase monitoring and inform the prescriber
これが答えになる理由
A rising CIWA-Ar score shows worsening withdrawal. Symptom-triggered benzodiazepine treatment, closer observation and medical review help prevent seizures and delirium tremens.
答え
B · Give the prescribed symptom-triggered benzodiazepine, increase monitoring and inform the prescriber
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 37.1 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
98.7 − 32 = 66.7
5/9を掛ける
T = 66.7·5/9 = 37.06 ≈ 37.1 °C
答え
T = 37.1 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: N = 1
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
合計容量
7.5 mL × 3 × 5 = 112.5 mL
ボトル
112.5/150 = 0.75 → N = 1
答え
N = 1
27.投与量の計算
答え: m = 25 mg
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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