答え: A · Many cold remedies also contain paracetamol, risking liver damage
これが答えになる理由
Paracetamol is in many combination products. Taking several at once can push the total over the safe daily maximum and cause liver damage, so patients are taught to check labels.
答え
A · Many cold remedies also contain paracetamol, risking liver damage
答え: A · Do not start until the site is marked and verified with the patient
これが答えになる理由
Wrong-site surgery is prevented by marking the site before the procedure, ideally with the awake patient’s involvement, and confirming it at the time-out. The procedure does not begin until this is done.
答え
A · Do not start until the site is marked and verified with the patient
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Check for pain, thirst or a full bladder, and offer toileting
これが答えになる理由
Patients with dementia may not be able to say what they need. Checking for pain, thirst or the need to void often relieves restlessness; restraints, full bed rails and sedation have risks and are not first choices.
答え
C · Check for pain, thirst or a full bladder, and offer toileting
答え: B · Too-rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
これが答えになる理由
In chronic hyponatraemia brain cells adapt to the low tonicity. A rapid rise in sodium draws water out too fast and can cause osmotic demyelination, so the correction rate is limited and sodium is checked often.
答え
B · Too-rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Creatine kinase (CK)
これが答えになる理由
Statins can cause myopathy and, rarely, rhabdomyolysis. A raised CK confirms muscle injury, and the provider may stop the statin. The nurse also asks about dark urine, which can signal myoglobin in the urine.確認に用いた資料:Creatine Kinase · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
Sulfasalazine can colour urine and sometimes skin and contact lenses orange-yellow. More serious adverse effects include blood disorders and rash, so blood counts are monitored.
答え: B · Several samples, ideally including early-morning sputum
これが答えになる理由
Usually three sputum samples, including an early-morning sample, are sent for smear microscopy, culture and molecular testing. Deep coughed sputum, not saliva, is needed. Samples are collected before treatment where possible and in a way that limits exposure to others.
答え
B · Several samples, ideally including early-morning sputum
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Cover it with a vented chest seal or a dressing taped on three sides
これが答えになる理由
An open (sucking) chest wound lets air enter the pleural space. A vented chest seal or a dressing taped on three sides acts as a flap valve, letting air out but not in. A fully sealed dressing can cause a tension pneumothorax. A chest drain is placed away from the wound.
答え
D · Cover it with a vented chest seal or a dressing taped on three sides
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Carbimazole has a higher risk of birth defects early on
これが答えになる理由
Carbimazole is linked to congenital abnormalities when used in early pregnancy, so propylthiouracil is often used in the first trimester. Propylthiouracil can cause serious liver injury, so it is not preferred at other times.
答え
A · Carbimazole has a higher risk of birth defects early on
答え: B · On the right side, to press on the puncture site
これが答えになる理由
Lying on the right side presses the liver capsule against the chest wall and helps stop bleeding. The nurse monitors pulse and BP closely for haemorrhage, which is the main risk.
答え
B · On the right side, to press on the puncture site
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Use long-handled forceps to put it in the lead container; report it
これが答えになる理由
A dislodged source is picked up with long-handled forceps and placed in the shielded container kept in the room. The radiation safety officer and team are informed, following local policy.
答え
A · Use long-handled forceps to put it in the lead container; report it
答え: A · The passenger: fetal size, position or presentation
これが答えになる理由
When contractions are adequate but labour stalls, causes include a malpositioned or large fetus (passenger) or a narrow pelvis (passageway). Position changes, hydration and support of the psyche can also help progress.
答え
A · The passenger: fetal size, position or presentation
21.小児看護
答え: A · Unstable temperature, poor feeding, lethargy and breathing difficulty
これが答えになる理由
Neonatal sepsis may present with temperature instability, poor feeding, lethargy, irritability, apnoea, breathing difficulty or jaundice. Early-onset sepsis, often due to group B streptococcus, needs prompt cultures and IV antibiotics.
答え
A · Unstable temperature, poor feeding, lethargy and breathing difficulty
22.小児看護
答え: C · High potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
これが答えになる理由
Rapid breakdown of tumour cells releases potassium, phosphate and nucleic acids (forming uric acid); phosphate binds calcium, lowering it. This can cause arrhythmias and kidney failure, so hydration, allopurinol or rasburicase and close monitoring are used.
答え
C · High potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
23.精神看護
答え: C · Keep to his usual routines where possible and prepare him for any changes
これが答えになる理由
Predictability reduces distress. Nurses keep routines, use clear and concrete language, reduce sensory stimulation, use visual supports and work closely with the parents, who know the child best.
答え
C · Keep to his usual routines where possible and prepare him for any changes
24.精神看護
答え: C · "Please don't stop your lithium on your own. Let's arrange for you to plan this with your prescriber before you conceive."
これが答えになる理由
Lithium in early pregnancy is linked to cardiac malformations, but stopping it abruptly greatly raises the risk of relapse. Pre-conception planning with the prescriber balances these risks.
答え
C · "Please don't stop your lithium on your own. Let's arrange for you to plan this with your prescriber before you conceive."
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 101.3 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
9/5を掛ける
38.5·9/5 = 69.3
32を足す
T = 69.3 + 32 = 101.3 °F
答え
T = 101.3 °F
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: D = 3.06 mg/h
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 1 mcg/kg/min × 51 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
計算する
D = 1·51·60/1000 = 3.06 mg/h
答え
D = 3.06 mg/h
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 10 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 24/min → 2
SpO₂ 93% → 2
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 88 mmHg → 3
HR 104/min → 1
新たな錯乱 (C) → 3
T 37.7 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 2 + 2 + 0 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 0 = 11
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
高
答え
高
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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