How should a liquid medicine be measured in a medicine cup?
ABy pouring until it looks about right
BBy filling the cup to the very top
CAt eye level, reading the lowest point of the curved surface
DFrom above, reading the highest point at the edge of the liquid
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
While counting an apical pulse, the nurse finds the rhythm is irregularly irregular and the radial rate is lower than the apical rate. Which rhythm is most likely?
ASinus tachycardia
BNormal sinus rhythm
CSinus bradycardia
DAtrial fibrillation
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
An infant has had a cleft lip repair. Why are elbow restraints often used?
ATo hold the IV line in place during feeds and stop it being pulled out
BTo prevent the infant from sucking a pacifier
CTo stop the infant’s hands reaching the mouth while still allowing arm movement
DTo keep the infant from rolling over in the crib
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
急性の下痢で入院した患者に C. difficile 感染症が疑われます。検査結果は未着です。接触予防策はいつ開始しますか?
A患者が発熱したときだけ
B下痢が3日続いた後
C検査結果を待たず、直ちに
D検査結果が陽性で返ってきたときだけ
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
Which infant with gastroenteritis should the nurse see first?
ATwo loose stools today, feeding well
BMild diaper rash, otherwise playful
CLethargic, sunken fontanel, no wet diaper for 8 hours
DAlert, crying with tears, had a wet diaper an hour ago
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A severely malnourished patient started nutrition two days ago and now has weakness and confusion. Which laboratory result should the nurse check first?
ASerum cholesterol
BSerum amylase
CSerum phosphate
DThyroid hormone
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which features suggest Cushing's syndrome?
AWeight gain around the trunk, a rounded face and thin, easily bruised skin
BCoarse facial features and very large hands and feet
CWeight loss, heat intolerance, tremor and protruding eyes
DDark skin, low blood pressure, salt craving and a low blood sodium level
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A healthcare assistant reports four observations. Which one needs the nurse's immediate action?
A"Mr Chen's blood pressure is 128/80 as usual."
B"Mrs Jones would like a cup of tea and her glasses cleaned."
C"Ms Ali has walked to the bathroom on her own."
D"Mr Patel's breathing rate is 8 a minute and he's hard to wake."
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
高カルシウム血症に合致する所見の組み合わせはどれですか?
A尖った T 波と筋力低下のみ
B便秘、疲労、錯乱、腎結石
Cテタニー、筋肉のこむら返り、陽性のクボステック徴候
D唯一のサインとしての、非常に薄い尿を伴う口渇
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with suspected Cushing syndrome takes dexamethasone at night. The next morning, the cortisol is still high. What does this suggest?
AThe adrenal glands are not able to produce enough cortisol
BCortisol is being produced without normal feedback control
CThe result is normal, as dexamethasone raises cortisol
DThe patient has primary hypothyroidism instead
11.薬理学ふつう
An IV site is cool, swollen and pale, and the infusion is running slowly. What should the nurse do?
AIncrease the infusion rate to push through and clear the blockage
BFlush the cannula forcefully with saline
CStop the infusion, remove the cannula and elevate the limb
DApply a tight bandage over the site
12.薬理学むずかしい
In myxoedema coma, why is hydrocortisone often given before or with thyroid hormone?
AHydrocortisone prevents the hypoglycaemia caused by levothyroxine
BThyroid hormone can trigger adrenal crisis if cortisol is also low
CThyroid hormone is inactive unless hydrocortisone is given
DHydrocortisone makes thyroid hormone work faster
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why is a raised serum lactate concerning in a patient with shock?
AIt shows only that the patient has eaten a large meal in the past hour
BIt means the kidneys are working harder than normal to clear fluid
CIt suggests tissues are short of oxygen and using anaerobic metabolism
Why should metoclopramide not be used for nausea in mechanical bowel obstruction?
AIt always causes severe diarrhoea
BIt makes the bowel stop moving completely
CIt blocks the effect of all opioids
DIt increases gut movement against the blockage
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient asks whether to take their usual bisoprolol on the morning of surgery. What is the usual guidance?
ATake it only after the operation is finished
BTake a double dose to protect the heart
CUsually continue it with a sip of water, unless told otherwise
DStop it one week before any operation
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Progesterone relaxes smooth muscle in pregnancy. Which common complaint does this help explain?
AConstipation
BIncreased appetite
CGum bleeding
DNasal stuffiness
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A preterm baby's parents are being taught about breast milk. Which statement shows they understand its special benefit for preterm babies?
A"Breast milk means our baby will not need any oxygen."
B"Breast milk stops jaundice from ever developing."
C"Breast milk removes the need for eye screening."
D"Breast milk lowers the risk of necrotising enterocolitis."
21.小児看護ふつう
A child with a myelomeningocele has a neurogenic bladder. Which management is usual?
ARestricting fluids to reduce urine volume
BA permanent catheter left in place for life
CClean intermittent catheterisation
DWaiting for bladder control to develop naturally
22.小児看護むずかしい
After successful treatment of anaphylaxis, why is the child observed for several hours?
AAdrenaline always causes a dangerous rash later
BThe child must stay until antibody tests come back
CSymptoms can return even after recovery
DObservation is only needed for legal reasons
23.精神看護ふつう
Which physical finding is common in bulimia nervosa?
AA high serum potassium level
BSwelling of the salivary glands at the angle of the jaw
CRaised blood pressure, a fast pulse and a high temperature
DVery low body weight with lanugo hair
24.精神看護むずかしい
A 10-year-old eats only a few foods and refuses others because he fears choking after a frightening episode. He is losing weight but has no concerns about body shape. Which diagnosis fits best?
答え: C · At eye level, reading the lowest point of the curved surface
これが答えになる理由
The cup is placed on a flat surface and read at eye level at the bottom of the meniscus. An oral syringe is more accurate for small volumes.
答え
C · At eye level, reading the lowest point of the curved surface
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Atrial fibrillation
これが答えになる理由
Atrial fibrillation gives an irregularly irregular pulse, and some beats are too weak to be felt at the wrist, causing a pulse deficit. It should be reported and confirmed with an ECG.
答え
D · Atrial fibrillation
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · To stop the infant’s hands reaching the mouth while still allowing arm movement
これが答えになる理由
Elbow restraints keep the elbows straight so the infant cannot touch the suture line. They are removed regularly, one at a time, for skin checks and movement under supervision.
答え
C · To stop the infant’s hands reaching the mouth while still allowing arm movement
答え: C · Lethargic, sunken fontanel, no wet diaper for 8 hours
これが答えになる理由
Lethargy, a sunken fontanel and no urine for hours suggest severe dehydration, which can lead to shock in infants. The other infants are well hydrated.
答え
C · Lethargic, sunken fontanel, no wet diaper for 8 hours
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Serum phosphate
これが答えになる理由
In refeeding syndrome, a sudden change to carbohydrate metabolism moves phosphate, potassium and magnesium into cells. Low phosphate can cause weakness, confusion, heart failure and breathing problems.
答え
C · Serum phosphate
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · Weight gain around the trunk, a rounded face and thin, easily bruised skin
これが答えになる理由
Excess cortisol causes central obesity, a moon face, thin skin, purple striae, muscle weakness and high glucose. The other options describe hyperthyroidism, Addison's disease and acromegaly.
答え
A · Weight gain around the trunk, a rounded face and thin, easily bruised skin
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · "Mr Patel's breathing rate is 8 a minute and he's hard to wake."
これが答えになる理由
A low respiratory rate with reduced consciousness suggests respiratory depression, for example from opioids. It needs immediate assessment and escalation.
答え
D · "Mr Patel's breathing rate is 8 a minute and he's hard to wake."
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · 便秘、疲労、錯乱、腎結石
これが答えになる理由
高カルシウムは神経と筋の興奮性を低下させ、疲労、便秘、錯乱、骨の痛み、腎結石を起こします。テタニーとクボステック徴候は、低カルシウムのサインです。確認に用いた資料:Calcium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
B · 便秘、疲労、錯乱、腎結石
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Cortisol is being produced without normal feedback control
これが答えになる理由
Dexamethasone normally suppresses ACTH and lowers morning cortisol. Failure to suppress suggests autonomous cortisol excess (Cushing syndrome). Further tests then find the source, such as a pituitary or adrenal tumor.
答え
B · Cortisol is being produced without normal feedback control
11.薬理学
答え: C · Stop the infusion, remove the cannula and elevate the limb
これが答えになる理由
These signs suggest infiltration. The infusion is stopped and the cannula removed, the limb is elevated, and a new cannula is placed elsewhere; vesicant drugs need the extravasation protocol.
答え
C · Stop the infusion, remove the cannula and elevate the limb
12.薬理学
答え: B · Thyroid hormone can trigger adrenal crisis if cortisol is also low
これが答えになる理由
Restoring thyroid hormone increases metabolic rate and cortisol clearance. If adrenal reserve is also low, this can precipitate adrenal crisis, so steroid cover is given until adrenal insufficiency is excluded.
答え
B · Thyroid hormone can trigger adrenal crisis if cortisol is also low
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · It suggests tissues are short of oxygen and using anaerobic metabolism
これが答えになる理由
When tissues are poorly perfused, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism and produce lactate. A raised lactate is a marker of tissue hypoperfusion and severity in sepsis and shock. Repeated measurements show whether treatment is working.
答え
C · It suggests tissues are short of oxygen and using anaerobic metabolism
答え: D · It increases gut movement against the blockage
これが答えになる理由
Metoclopramide stimulates gastric and intestinal motility, which can worsen pain and risk perforation in complete mechanical obstruction. Other antiemetics are chosen.
答え
D · It increases gut movement against the blockage
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Usually continue it with a sip of water, unless told otherwise
これが答えになる理由
Beta-blockers are usually continued around surgery because sudden withdrawal can cause rebound tachycardia and ischaemia. The patient follows the specific instructions from the preoperative assessment.
答え
C · Usually continue it with a sip of water, unless told otherwise
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Constipation
これが答えになる理由
Progesterone slows gut motility, which causes constipation and contributes to heartburn because the lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes. Gum bleeding and nasal stuffiness are mainly due to oestrogen and increased blood flow.
答え
A · Constipation
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · "Breast milk lowers the risk of necrotising enterocolitis."
これが答えになる理由
Human milk, including expressed or donor milk, reduces the risk of necrotising enterocolitis and infection in preterm babies. It does not remove the need for other monitoring.
答え
D · "Breast milk lowers the risk of necrotising enterocolitis."
21.小児看護
答え: C · Clean intermittent catheterisation
これが答えになる理由
Damage to the spinal nerves causes a bladder that does not empty fully, risking infection and kidney damage. Clean intermittent catheterisation several times a day, taught to parents and later to the child, is the usual approach.
答え
C · Clean intermittent catheterisation
22.小児看護
答え: C · Symptoms can return even after recovery
これが答えになる理由
Some children have a biphasic reaction, with symptoms returning hours after initial recovery without further exposure. They are observed for a period set by guidelines, discharged with an action plan and auto-injectors, and referred to an allergy service.
答え
C · Symptoms can return even after recovery
23.精神看護
答え: B · Swelling of the salivary glands at the angle of the jaw
これが答えになる理由
Repeated vomiting can enlarge the parotid glands and erode tooth enamel. Patients with bulimia often have a normal weight, and purging tends to lower potassium.
答え
B · Swelling of the salivary glands at the angle of the jaw
24.精神看護
答え: A · Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)
これが答えになる理由
ARFID involves avoiding or restricting food because of sensory features, lack of interest or fear of consequences such as choking, leading to weight loss or nutritional problems. Unlike anorexia, there is no disturbance in body image.
答え
A · Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 104.5 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
9/5を掛ける
40.3·9/5 = 72.54
32を足す
T = 72.54 + 32 = 104.5 °F
答え
T = 104.5 °F
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: N = 2
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
合計容量
10 mL × 2 × 14 = 280 mL
ボトル
280/150 = 1.867 → N = 2
答え
N = 2
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 90 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
投与量
2·45 = 90 mg
答え
D = 90 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 3.8 mL
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
体重から求めた投与量
5·18 = 90 mg
体積
V = (90/120)·5 = 3.75 ≈ 3.8 mL
答え
V = 3.8 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 200 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 24/min → 2
SpO₂ 92% → 2
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 112 mmHg → 0
HR 140/min → 3
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 34.8 °C → 3
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 2 + 2 + 0 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 3 = 10
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
高
答え
高
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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