The bell picks up low-pitched sounds and must be held lightly. The diaphragm, pressed firmly, is used for high-pitched sounds such as normal breath, bowel and heart sounds.
答え
B · The bell, placed lightly on the skin
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · The tissues are not getting enough oxygen
これが答えになる理由
When tissues are poorly perfused they switch to anaerobic metabolism and produce lactate. A raised lactate in sepsis signals higher risk and the need for urgent treatment.
答え
D · The tissues are not getting enough oxygen
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Sterile technique, with a sterile catheter and sterile glove
これが答えになる理由
In hospital, tracheal suctioning uses sterile technique to avoid introducing organisms into the lower airway. Clean technique may be taught for long-term home care, according to policy.
答え
A · Sterile technique, with a sterile catheter and sterile glove
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · An allergic reaction or a parasitic infection
これが答えになる理由
Eosinophils rise in allergic conditions such as asthma and drug reactions and in parasitic infections. Acute bacterial infection mainly raises neutrophils, and viral infection often raises lymphocytes.
答え
B · An allergic reaction or a parasitic infection
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Jaundice that appears within the first 24 hours
これが答えになる理由
Jaundice in the first 24 hours is not physiological and may point to hemolysis or infection. Mild jaundice after the first day, milia and acrocyanosis are common, expected findings.
答え
D · Jaundice that appears within the first 24 hours
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Respect the refusal, check the patient understands the risks and inform the provider
これが答えになる理由
Competent adults have the right to refuse treatment, even if it could save their life. The nurse makes sure the refusal is informed, informs the provider and documents it.
答え
D · Respect the refusal, check the patient understands the risks and inform the provider
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · Hypoxia
これが答えになる理由
The 4 Hs are hypoxia, hypovolaemia, hypo- or hyperkalaemia and other metabolic causes, and hypothermia. The 4 Ts are thrombosis, tension pneumothorax, tamponade and toxins.
答え
C · Hypoxia
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · An epidural haematoma or abscess compressing the spinal cord
これが答えになる理由
Increasing motor block, back pain or new weakness after an epidural can mean a haematoma or abscess compressing the cord. This is a surgical emergency: stop the infusion and get urgent medical review.
答え
D · An epidural haematoma or abscess compressing the spinal cord
答え: B · In the original dark glass bottle, away from heat, light and moisture
これが答えになる理由
Nitroglycerin tablets lose potency when exposed to light, heat, air and moisture. They are kept in their original tightly closed dark container, and expired tablets are replaced.
答え
B · In the original dark glass bottle, away from heat, light and moisture
12.薬理学
答え: C · It can cause bronchospasm
これが答えになる理由
Adenosine can trigger bronchospasm in people with asthma or COPD. Other treatment options, such as verapamil, may be chosen.
答え
C · It can cause bronchospasm
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · The left atrium enlarges as it pushes blood through the narrow valve
これが答えになる理由
A narrowed mitral valve raises pressure in the left atrium, which dilates. A stretched atrium is prone to atrial fibrillation, and blood stasis there carries a high risk of clots and stroke. Anticoagulation is therefore essential in mitral stenosis with AF.
答え
A · The left atrium enlarges as it pushes blood through the narrow valve
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · A patient who had a brain haemorrhage two days ago
これが答えになる理由
When bleeding risk is high, such as after recent intracranial haemorrhage, mechanical methods (intermittent pneumatic compression) are used instead of anticoagulants until it is safe. The other patients are at high VTE risk and would usually receive pharmacological prophylaxis unless contraindicated.
答え
D · A patient who had a brain haemorrhage two days ago
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · To catch the stone so it can be analysed
これが答えになる理由
A passed stone can be sent for analysis. Its composition guides diet and drug advice to prevent recurrence. Straining also confirms that the stone has passed.
答え
D · To catch the stone so it can be analysed
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · The dose is too high
これが答えになる理由
A suppressed TSH with raised free T4 and hyperthyroid symptoms in a patient on levothyroxine suggests over-replacement. The prescriber usually lowers the dose. Long-term over-replacement increases the risk of atrial fibrillation and bone loss.
答え
A · The dose is too high
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Drink plenty of clear fluids while taking the preparation
これが答えになる理由
Bowel preparation causes profuse diarrhoea, which can lead to dehydration and electrolyte disturbance. Patients follow a low-residue diet, then clear fluids, and drink plenty of extra clear fluid.
答え
A · Drink plenty of clear fluids while taking the preparation
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · SIADH
これが答えになる理由
Small cell lung cancer can secrete ADH, causing water retention, dilutional hyponatraemia and inappropriately concentrated urine. Management includes fluid restriction and careful correction of sodium to avoid osmotic demyelination.
答え
B · SIADH
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · 出産後 72 時間以内
これが答えになる理由
抗 D は、母親がすでに感作されていないことを検査で確認したうえで、Rh 陽性の赤ちゃんの出産後 72 時間以内に投与します。赤ちゃんが Rh 陰性なら不要です。
答え: B · Patching or blurring the stronger eye so the weaker eye works harder
これが答えになる理由
Treatment includes glasses if needed and patching or atropine drops in the stronger eye, forcing the brain to use the weaker eye. It works best when started early, while the visual system is still developing.
答え
B · Patching or blurring the stronger eye so the weaker eye works harder
22.小児看護
答え: A · 急性胸部症候群(緊急事態)
これが答えになる理由
急性胸部症候群は、胸痛、発熱、呼吸器症状、低酸素、胸部 X 線の新たな変化を起こします。鎌状赤血球症の主な死因の 1 つで、緊急の治療が必要です。
答え
A · 急性胸部症候群(緊急事態)
23.精神看護
答え: B · It can cause sudden withdrawal and seizures
これが答えになる理由
Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine antagonist. In dependent patients, or in mixed overdoses with drugs that lower the seizure threshold, it can trigger acute withdrawal and seizures.
答え
B · It can cause sudden withdrawal and seizures
24.精神看護
答え: C · Respect the request, join in if comfortable, and offer to call the chaplain
これが答えになる理由
Supporting spiritual needs can reduce distress. The nurse can respond with respect within her own comfort, and refer to chaplaincy or faith leaders, without imposing her own beliefs.
答え
C · Respect the request, join in if comfortable, and offer to call the chaplain
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 37.8 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
100 − 32 = 68
5/9を掛ける
T = 68·5/9 = 37.78 ≈ 37.8 °C
答え
T = 37.8 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: D = 8.4 mg/h
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 2.5 mcg/kg/min × 56 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
計算する
D = 2.5·56·60/1000 = 8.4 mg/h
答え
D = 8.4 mg/h
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 375 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
1 分あたりのミリリットル
90/60 = 1.5 mL/min
滴下速度
R = 1.5·10 = 15 gtt/min
答え
R = 15 gtt/min
30.点滴速度
答え: R = 25 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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