Why are benzodiazepines used with great caution in older people?
AThey cause severe high blood pressure in older people
BThey are not absorbed from the gut after age 65
CThey raise the risk of confusion, falls and fractures
DThey cause permanent hearing loss in older people
12.薬理学むずかしい
A baby born to a mother on methadone becomes irritable on day 2, with a high-pitched cry, tremors, sneezing and poor feeding. What is the most likely cause?
ANeonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome
BNeonatal hypoglycaemia from maternal diabetes
CVitamin K deficiency bleeding
DNormal newborn behaviour
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
What is the main problem in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?
AA blocked pulmonary artery
BA dilated ventricle that cannot contract strongly
CA leaking aortic valve
DA stiff ventricle that fills poorly in diastole
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
After positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is increased on a ventilated patient, the blood pressure falls. What is the most likely reason?
APEEP lowers the blood oxygen level
BPEEP directly weakens the heart muscle and its contraction
CPEEP causes immediate blood loss from the alveolar capillaries
DHigher chest pressure reduces venous return to the heart
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Why is once-daily prednisolone usually taken in the morning with food?
ABecause food doubles the strength of the dose
BTo match the natural cortisol rhythm and protect the stomach
CBecause it causes drowsiness and is safer to take during the day
DBecause it cannot be absorbed at night
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with type 1 diabetes has a seizure on the ward. Their capillary glucose is 1.9 mmol/L (34 mg/dL). They cannot swallow. What is the most appropriate treatment?
AA rapid-acting insulin dose to stabilise the glucose
BAn antiepileptic drug only, because seizures need seizure treatment
CGlucose gel squeezed into the mouth during the seizure
DIV glucose or IM glucagon, then recheck the glucose
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
オピオイドに対する耐性を最もよく表す記述はどれですか?
Aその薬がもう便秘を起こさなくなること
B患者がその薬をもっと欲しいという強迫的な渇望を持つこと
C同じ効果を得るために、時間とともに高い用量が必要になること
D患者がその薬に対するアレルギーを起こしたこと
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A nurse teaches a patient going home between chemotherapy cycles. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll keep the emergency number and call if I feel shivery."
B"I'll wash my hands often and avoid people with infections."
C"If I get a fever, I'll take paracetamol and see if it settles."
D"I'll check my temperature whenever I feel hot, shivery or unwell."
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman is about to get out of bed for the first time after birth. What should the nurse do?
答え: B · Wear gloves and an apron and clean it with an approved disinfectant per policy
これが答えになる理由
Under standard precautions all blood is handled as potentially infectious. Spills are cleaned promptly using PPE and the spill kit or disinfectant set out in local policy.
答え
B · Wear gloves and an apron and clean it with an approved disinfectant per policy
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · "I'll soak my feet in hot water every evening."
これが答えになる理由
People with diabetic neuropathy may not feel heat, and soaking softens the skin, so long hot soaks are avoided. Daily inspection, good footwear and careful drying are correct.
答え
C · "I'll soak my feet in hot water every evening."
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Hold the belt, widen the stance and ease the patient gently to the floor
これが答えになる理由
The nurse keeps hold of the gait belt, takes a wide base of support and slides the patient down along their own leg to the floor, protecting the head. This controls the fall and protects the nurse’s back.
答え
B · Hold the belt, widen the stance and ease the patient gently to the floor
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Small currents can travel along the wires straight to the heart and cause arrhythmias
これが答えになる理由
Wires that lead directly to the heart allow tiny currents (microshock) to reach the myocardium and cause ventricular fibrillation. Staff wear gloves when handling them, cover exposed ends and use properly grounded equipment.
答え
C · Small currents can travel along the wires straight to the heart and cause arrhythmias
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Meet both of them privately to hear each side
これが答えになる理由
Talking with both staff members privately allows the charge nurse to understand the problem and look for a fair solution. Ignoring the conflict or acting without facts usually makes it worse.
答え
C · Meet both of them privately to hear each side
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Six hours after a coronary stent, new chest pain with ST elevation on the monitor
これが答えになる理由
New chest pain with ST elevation after a stent suggests the stent may have blocked, causing an acute myocardial infarction. This is an emergency; the other findings are within target or routine.
答え
B · Six hours after a coronary stent, new chest pain with ST elevation on the monitor
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · Use of opioids after surgery
これが答えになる理由
Known risk factors include opioids, female sex, being a non-smoker, previous PONV or motion sickness and longer general anaesthetics. High-risk patients may be given preventive antiemetics.
答え
A · Use of opioids after surgery
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · Oxygen is given if the SpO2 is below the target range
これが答えになる理由
Current guidance recommends oxygen in ACS only for hypoxaemia, as routine oxygen in patients with normal saturations has not been shown to help. Urgent ECG, analgesia and antiplatelet treatment remain priorities.
答え
A · Oxygen is given if the SpO2 is below the target range
答え: C · They raise the risk of confusion, falls and fractures
これが答えになる理由
Older people are more sensitive to benzodiazepines and often eliminate them more slowly. Sedation, unsteadiness and confusion raise the risk of falls and fractures.
答え
C · They raise the risk of confusion, falls and fractures
12.薬理学
答え: A · Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome
これが答えになる理由
After birth the baby no longer receives opioid from the mother and develops withdrawal. Assessment uses a scoring tool, with non-drug care first and opioid treatment if signs are severe.
答え
A · Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · A stiff ventricle that fills poorly in diastole
これが答えになる理由
In HFpEF, the left ventricle is stiff and relaxes poorly, so filling pressures rise and cause congestion even though the ejection fraction is normal. It is common in older people with hypertension, diabetes and obesity. HFrEF is mainly a problem of contraction.
答え
D · A stiff ventricle that fills poorly in diastole
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Higher chest pressure reduces venous return to the heart
これが答えになる理由
PEEP keeps alveoli open and improves oxygenation, but higher intrathoracic pressure impedes venous return, reducing preload and cardiac output, especially in hypovolaemic patients. The team may give fluid or adjust PEEP. High pressures also risk barotrauma.
答え
D · Higher chest pressure reduces venous return to the heart
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · To match the natural cortisol rhythm and protect the stomach
これが答えになる理由
Morning dosing mimics the normal early-morning cortisol peak, causes less adrenal suppression and less sleep disturbance. Taking it with food reduces gastric irritation.
答え
B · To match the natural cortisol rhythm and protect the stomach
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · IV glucose or IM glucagon, then recheck the glucose
これが答えになる理由
Severe hypoglycaemia can cause seizures. A patient who cannot swallow needs IV glucose, or IM glucagon if there is no IV access. Nothing should be put in the mouth of a fitting or unconscious patient. Glucose is rechecked and a long-acting carbohydrate is given when safe.
答え
D · IV glucose or IM glucagon, then recheck the glucose
答え: C · "If I get a fever, I'll take paracetamol and see if it settles."
これが答えになる理由
Fever or feeling unwell during the nadir may mean neutropenic sepsis, which needs urgent assessment and antibiotics within an hour. Patients must call the emergency line straight away, not wait at home.
答え
C · "If I get a fever, I'll take paracetamol and see if it settles."
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Help her sit, then stand slowly with support
これが答えになる理由
Orthostatic hypotension is common after birth. The nurse helps her sit at the edge of the bed, dangle her legs, then stand slowly with assistance and stays close in case she feels faint.
答え: C · Jaundice, because the breakdown of the trapped blood adds to bilirubin
これが答えになる理由
A cephalohaematoma is a collection of blood under the periosteum. As the red cells break down, bilirubin rises, so these babies have a higher risk of jaundice. The swelling itself usually resolves over weeks without treatment.
答え
C · Jaundice, because the breakdown of the trapped blood adds to bilirubin
22.小児看護
答え: B · A 7-year-old 2 days after an appendicectomy, stable on oral analgesia
これが答えになる理由
Practical or enrolled nurses usually care for stable children with predictable outcomes. Children who are unstable, newly admitted with a complex condition or showing signs of deterioration need a registered nurse's assessment.
答え
B · A 7-year-old 2 days after an appendicectomy, stable on oral analgesia
23.精神看護
答え: D · New or worsening suicidal thoughts or unusual changes in mood or behaviour
これが答えになる理由
Atomoxetine is a non-stimulant ADHD medicine. Like antidepressants, it carries a warning about suicidal thinking in children and adolescents, so mood and behaviour are monitored, especially early in treatment.
答え
D · New or worsening suicidal thoughts or unusual changes in mood or behaviour
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
原液の量
V₁ = 1·1000/20 = 50 mL
答え
V₁ = 50 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 30 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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