How does the nurse start a 24-hour urine collection at 08:00?
ASave the 08:00 urine as the first sample, then collect until 08:00 the next day
BSave three samples spread across the day and discard all of the urine passed at night
CHave the patient void and discard that urine, then save all urine until 08:00 the next day
DCollect only the first urine passed on waking, and repeat this the next morning
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has taken metformin for 8 years and now has numbness in the feet, a hemoglobin of 10.2 g/dL (102 g/L) and an MCV of 108 fL. Which deficiency is most likely?
AVitamin B12 deficiency
BVitamin D (calciferol) deficiency
CVitamin K deficiency
DIron deficiency from gut loss
11.薬理学ふつう
経口ステロイドの長期使用でよく知られた副作用はどれですか?
A低血糖
B低血圧
C体重減少
D骨粗鬆症
12.薬理学むずかしい
Lithium taken in the first trimester of pregnancy has been linked to which type of birth defect?
ACleft lip and palate only
BHeart malformations, such as Ebstein's anomaly
CLimb defects similar to thalidomide
DNeural tube defects such as spina bifida
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
胸腔ドレーンの液面が、動かなくなりました。何が考えられますか?
A室内の水位が高すぎて動けなくなった
B反対側に新たな気胸が起きた
Cドレナージユニットが腹部の排液を始めた
D肺が再膨張したか、チューブが折れ曲がっているか閉塞している
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient on three blood pressure drugs still has high readings at every visit. What should the nurse check first?
AWhether the patient is taking the medicines as prescribed
BWhether a fourth drug can be added at today's appointment
CWhether the patient needs surgery on the renal arteries
DWhether the readings should be ignored
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
When the nurse squeezes the trapezius muscle, the patient brings a hand up above the collarbone towards the stimulus. Which GCS motor score is this?
A5, localises to pain
B4, withdraws from pain
C6, obeys commands
D3, abnormal flexion
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient has frothy urine and marked leg swelling. Serum albumin is 18 g/L (1.8 g/dL), and BP is normal. The urine shows heavy protein but little blood. What is most likely?
AA urethral stricture
BNephrotic syndrome
CNephritic syndrome
DAcute pyelonephritis
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which is a recognised risk of long-term proton pump inhibitor use?
AHypercalcaemia
BHyperkalaemia
CHypomagnesaemia
DHypernatraemia
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
In week 5 of radiotherapy, the skin in the treatment field is broken, moist and painful. What should the nurse do?
AScrub the area with soap to prevent infection
BReport it, keep it clean and use a non-adherent dressing
CApply adhesive tape directly over the area to protect it from clothing
DUse a heat pad to speed healing
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman on day 3 after a caesarean has calf pain, swelling and warmth in one leg. What should the nurse do?
AMassage the calf to relieve the cramp
BApply a heating pad and reassess tomorrow
CEncourage her to do vigorous leg exercises
DReport it promptly and avoid massaging the leg
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A preterm baby is being prepared for discharge. Which statement by the parents shows understanding of kangaroo (skin-to-skin) care?
A"Skin-to-skin increases her risk of getting cold."
B"Holding her on my bare chest keeps her warm."
C"She should be fully dressed and wrapped before I hold her."
D"Skin-to-skin is only for full-term babies."
21.小児看護ふつう
Which instruction about using an adrenaline (epinephrine) auto-injector is correct?
AInject it into the buttock muscle and then let the child walk it off at home
BInject into the outer thigh, through clothing if needed, and call emergency services
CInject into the upper arm muscle, but only after removing all the clothing first
DUse it only after an antihistamine has failed to work
22.小児看護むずかしい
The 7-year-old brother of a child with cancer has started misbehaving at school. What is the most likely explanation?
AHe is copying behaviour from other children in his class
BHe may feel worried, jealous or left out and needs attention and information
CIt is unrelated to the illness and is normal for his age
DHe has developed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and needs medicine
23.精神看護ふつう
How should a nurse screen a patient for intimate partner violence?
AAsk in front of the partner to see how he reacts
BOnly ask patients who have visible injuries
CAsk the partner instead of the patient
DAsk in private, without the partner or family present
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient in a mental health unit asks to read his own health records. What is the correct general principle?
APsychiatric patients are never allowed to see their records
BPatients generally have a right of access, with limited exceptions to prevent serious harm
CThe nurse should give him the records immediately without following any procedure
DOnly his family can request access to his records on his behalf
MUST includes tables that estimate height from ulna length when the patient cannot stand. Self-reported height can also be used if it is reliable.
答え
D · From the length of the forearm (ulna)
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Cover it with sterile saline-soaked dressings and call for urgent help
これが答えになる理由
Evisceration is a surgical emergency. The nurse stays with the patient, covers the bowel with sterile moist dressings, positions them to reduce tension on the wound and calls for urgent surgical review.
答え
A · Cover it with sterile saline-soaked dressings and call for urgent help
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
これが答えになる理由
Anyone touching the patient or bed could receive the shock. The operator announces “clear” and looks to confirm that nobody is in contact, and oxygen is moved away from the chest.
答え
B · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · It is strongly anticholinergic and can cause confusion and falls in older adults
これが答えになる理由
First-generation antihistamines such as diphenhydramine are on the Beers list because they cause confusion, constipation, urinary retention and falls in older adults. Safer approaches to sleep should be discussed.
答え
A · It is strongly anticholinergic and can cause confusion and falls in older adults
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Keeping the drainage bag below the level of the bladder
これが答えになる理由
Keeping the bag below the bladder prevents backflow, and the closed system is not broken. Catheters are removed as soon as they are no longer needed.
答え
C · Keeping the drainage bag below the level of the bladder
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Signs of bleeding and when to seek help
これが答えになる理由
The main risk of anticoagulants is bleeding, so the patient must know the signs, such as black stools or blood in the urine, and when to seek help. Other topics can follow later.
答え
B · Signs of bleeding and when to seek help
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · Smoking
これが答えになる理由
Smoking causes vasoconstriction and reduces tissue oxygen, slowing healing and increasing infection risk. Poor nutrition, diabetes, infection and steroids also impair healing.
答え: C · Have the patient void and discard that urine, then save all urine until 08:00 the next day
これが答えになる理由
The collection starts with an empty bladder, so the first void is discarded and the time recorded. All urine for the next 24 hours is saved, including a final void at the end time. If urine is discarded by mistake, the collection usually has to restart.確認に用いた資料:Urine 24-hour volume · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
C · Have the patient void and discard that urine, then save all urine until 08:00 the next day
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Vitamin B12 deficiency
これが答えになる理由
Long-term metformin reduces vitamin B12 absorption in the gut. B12 deficiency causes macrocytic anemia and peripheral neuropathy, which can be mistaken for diabetic neuropathy. Periodic B12 testing is recommended for long-term users.確認に用いた資料:Vitamin B Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え: B · Heart malformations, such as Ebstein's anomaly
これが答えになる理由
First-trimester lithium is associated with a small increased risk of cardiac malformations, classically Ebstein's anomaly. Women of childbearing age need counselling and specialist planning before pregnancy.
答え
B · Heart malformations, such as Ebstein's anomaly
答え: A · Whether the patient is taking the medicines as prescribed
これが答えになる理由
Before labelling hypertension as resistant, adherence, measurement technique, white-coat effect and interacting substances (NSAIDs, decongestants, alcohol, liquorice) should be checked. Side effects, cost and complex regimens are common reasons for missed doses.
答え
A · Whether the patient is taking the medicines as prescribed
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · 5, localises to pain
これが答えになる理由
Localising to pain (5) means a purposeful movement towards the source of pain. Withdrawal (4) is pulling away, abnormal flexion (3) is decorticate posturing, and obeying commands (6) needs no pain at all. A central stimulus, such as a trapezius squeeze, is used to test for localising.
答え
A · 5, localises to pain
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Nephrotic syndrome
これが答えになる理由
Heavy proteinuria, very low albumin and oedema point to nephrotic syndrome. Nephritic syndrome is mainly haematuria with hypertension and reduced urine output. The cause is investigated, often with a biopsy.
答え
B · Nephrotic syndrome
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Hypomagnesaemia
これが答えになる理由
Long-term PPIs are linked with low magnesium, C. difficile infection, fractures and B12 deficiency. The need for continuing treatment should be reviewed regularly.
答え
C · Hypomagnesaemia
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Report it, keep it clean and use a non-adherent dressing
これが答えになる理由
Moist desquamation is a more severe radiation skin reaction. The radiotherapy team is informed; the area is kept clean and covered with non-adherent dressings, avoiding adhesive on the skin, and analgesia is given. Infection is watched for.
答え
B · Report it, keep it clean and use a non-adherent dressing
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Report it promptly and avoid massaging the leg
これが答えになる理由
One-sided calf pain, swelling and warmth suggest deep vein thrombosis, and the postnatal period is a high-risk time. The leg should not be massaged, and the provider should be informed for urgent assessment.
答え
D · Report it promptly and avoid massaging the leg
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · "Holding her on my bare chest keeps her warm."
これが答えになる理由
Kangaroo care places the baby in a nappy against the parent's bare chest. It stabilises temperature, heart rate and breathing, supports breastfeeding and bonding, and is beneficial for preterm babies.
答え
B · "Holding her on my bare chest keeps her warm."
21.小児看護
答え: B · Inject into the outer thigh, through clothing if needed, and call emergency services
これが答えになる理由
Auto-injectors are given into the outer mid-thigh and can go through clothing. Emergency services are called after every use, as symptoms can recur, and a second dose may be needed.
答え
B · Inject into the outer thigh, through clothing if needed, and call emergency services
22.小児看護
答え: B · He may feel worried, jealous or left out and needs attention and information
これが答えになる理由
Siblings of seriously ill children often feel neglected, anxious, guilty or jealous and may show this through behaviour changes. Family-centred care includes giving siblings age-appropriate information, involvement and time with parents.
答え
B · He may feel worried, jealous or left out and needs attention and information
23.精神看護
答え: D · Ask in private, without the partner or family present
これが答えになる理由
Screening should be done privately, using direct, non-judgemental questions. Abuse occurs in all groups, so routine screening is better than asking only those with obvious injuries.
答え
D · Ask in private, without the partner or family present
24.精神看護
答え: B · Patients generally have a right of access, with limited exceptions to prevent serious harm
これが答えになる理由
Data protection and health records laws in many countries give patients a right to access their records. Requests follow a formal procedure, and information may be withheld only in limited cases, for example if it could cause serious harm.
答え
B · Patients generally have a right of access, with limited exceptions to prevent serious harm
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 36.4 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
97.6 − 32 = 65.6
5/9を掛ける
T = 65.6·5/9 = 36.44 ≈ 36.4 °C
答え
T = 36.4 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 1.44 L
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1日の容量
60 mL/h × 24 h = 1440 mL
リットルで
V = 1440/1000 = 1.44 L
答え
V = 1.44 L
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 77.25 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
投与量
D = 75·1.03 = 77.25 mg
答え
D = 77.25 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: D = 136.4 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 14/min → 0
SpO₂ 92% → 2
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 222 mmHg → 3
HR 132/min → 3
無反応 (U) → 3
T 35.5 °C → 1
足す
NEWS2 = 0 + 2 + 0 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 12
答え
NEWS2 = 12
34.臨床アセスメントスコア
答え: 低~中
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 26/min → 3
SpO₂ 99% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 150 mmHg → 0
HR 70/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 36.5 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 3
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
低~中
答え
低~中
単独で3点がある場合は、合計が低くても緊急の診察が必要です。
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