Which kitchen practice helps prevent scald burns in young children?
AHold the child while drinking a hot drink
BLeave hot drinks at the edge of the table
CLet the child stand on a chair beside the stove
DTurn pot handles toward the back of the stove
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
According to the “Swiss cheese” model of error, why do errors reach patients?
APatients often do not follow their care instructions
BOne careless person makes a mistake that no system could stop
CWeaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
DTechnology fails more often than people do
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A nurse has called the rapid response team for a deteriorating patient. What should the nurse do while waiting for the team?
AGive a dose of every as-needed medication on the chart
BStay with the patient, give oxygen as prescribed and have recent vital signs ready
CGo to the station to finish documentation for other patients
DLeave the patient for a few minutes to find the relatives and explain what is happening
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A nursing assistant has twice not reported abnormal vital signs to the RN. What is the RN’s best action?
ATalk to the assistant privately, restate what must be reported and follow up closely
BSay nothing to the assistant and quietly recheck all of the assistant’s vital signs in secret
CStop delegating any tasks to the assistant for the rest of the year
DComplain about the assistant to the patients during care
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which ECG change is typical of hypokalaemia?
AFlattened T waves and prominent U waves
BA very short PR interval with a delta wave
CTall, peaked T waves
DST elevation in leads II, III and aVF
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with a central venous catheter needs the line removed. Which position reduces the risk of air embolism during removal of a neck or chest line?
ASitting fully upright and taking a deep breath in as the line comes out
BStanding up and walking
CLying flat or slightly head-down, holding the breath or breathing out
DLying on the right side with the legs raised
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient is starting dabigatran, a direct oral anticoagulant. Which laboratory test is most important to review before the first dose?
ATSH, to rule out an overactive thyroid gland
BINR, to set the dose of the anticoagulant
CKidney function (creatinine clearance)
DLipase, to rule out an inflamed pancreas first
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with C. difficile diarrhea has a white cell count of 24 × 10³/µL and a creatinine that has risen to 2.1 mg/dL (186 µmol/L). What does this indicate?
AMild infection needing no treatment
BUnrelated chronic kidney disease
CSuccessful response to treatment
DSevere C. difficile infection
11.薬理学ふつう
Why are many drugs started at lower doses in older adults?
AOlder adults absorb no drugs from the stomach
BKidney and liver clearance often decline, and sensitivity to drugs increases
COlder adults always weigh more than younger adults, so drugs last longer
DLower doses are cheaper for older patients
12.薬理学むずかしい
During an alteplase infusion for acute ischaemic stroke, the patient develops a sudden severe headache and her level of consciousness falls. What is the nurse's first action?
AStop the alteplase infusion and notify the provider urgently
BSlow the infusion to half the rate and recheck in 30 minutes
CGive paracetamol for the headache and continue the infusion
DGive a bolus of heparin to prevent a new clot
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why must inspired air be humidified for a patient with a tracheostomy?
AHumidification prevents the cuff from deflating
BThe nose and upper airway, which warm and moisten air, are bypassed
CHumidified air contains more oxygen than dry air at the same flow
DDry air is needed to stop secretions forming in the trachea
答え: B · Patients who know their breathing is watched tend to change it
これが答えになる理由
Breathing can be changed on purpose, so a patient who is aware of being watched may breathe differently. Counting unobtrusively for a full minute gives a more accurate rate.
答え
B · Patients who know their breathing is watched tend to change it
答え: D · Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove
これが答えになる理由
Scalds from hot liquids are common childhood burns. Turning pot handles inward, using back burners and keeping hot drinks out of reach reduce the risk.
答え
D · Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Weaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
これが答えになる理由
Reason’s Swiss cheese model shows that each safety layer, such as prescribing, dispensing, checking and scanning, has weaknesses. Harm happens when the holes in several layers line up, so safety improvement focuses on strengthening the system.
答え
C · Weaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Stay with the patient, give oxygen as prescribed and have recent vital signs ready
これが答えになる理由
The nurse stays with the patient, starts basic support such as oxygen as prescribed and prepares a clear handover. Leaving the patient or giving unrelated medications is unsafe.
答え
B · Stay with the patient, give oxygen as prescribed and have recent vital signs ready
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Talk to the assistant privately, restate what must be reported and follow up closely
これが答えになる理由
The RN gives direct, private feedback, restates the reporting limits and increases supervision. If the problem continues, it is escalated to the manager according to policy.
答え
A · Talk to the assistant privately, restate what must be reported and follow up closely
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · Flattened T waves and prominent U waves
これが答えになる理由
Low potassium causes flattened or inverted T waves, ST depression and U waves. It increases the risk of arrhythmias, especially in patients on digoxin.
答え
A · Flattened T waves and prominent U waves
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Lying flat or slightly head-down, holding the breath or breathing out
これが答えになる理由
A flat or head-down position and a Valsalva manoeuvre or breath-hold raise central venous pressure, reducing the risk of air being drawn in. An occlusive dressing is then applied.
答え
C · Lying flat or slightly head-down, holding the breath or breathing out
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Kidney function (creatinine clearance)
これが答えになる理由
Dabigatran is excreted mainly by the kidneys, so poor kidney function raises the drug level and bleeding risk. Kidney function is checked before starting and regularly afterwards. Routine INR monitoring is not used for direct oral anticoagulants.確認に用いた資料:Dabigatran · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
C · Kidney function (creatinine clearance)
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Severe C. difficile infection
これが答えになる理由
A white count of 15 × 10³/µL or more or a creatinine above 1.5 mg/dL marks severe C. difficile infection. These patients need prompt treatment, fluid replacement and close monitoring for complications such as toxic megacolon. Contact precautions with soap-and-water hand hygiene are used.
答え
D · Severe C. difficile infection
11.薬理学
答え: B · Kidney and liver clearance often decline, and sensitivity to drugs increases
これが答えになる理由
Ageing reduces kidney function, changes body composition and often slows liver metabolism. Many drugs also have stronger effects on the ageing brain, so doses are started low and increased slowly.
答え
B · Kidney and liver clearance often decline, and sensitivity to drugs increases
12.薬理学
答え: A · Stop the alteplase infusion and notify the provider urgently
これが答えになる理由
A sudden headache and neurological decline during thrombolysis suggest intracranial haemorrhage. The infusion is stopped at once and the provider is called for urgent assessment and imaging.
答え
A · Stop the alteplase infusion and notify the provider urgently
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · The nose and upper airway, which warm and moisten air, are bypassed
これが答えになる理由
The tracheostomy bypasses the nose, mouth and pharynx, which warm, filter and humidify air. Without humidification, secretions become thick and can block the tube. Heat and moisture exchangers, humidified oxygen and nebulised saline are used.
答え
B · The nose and upper airway, which warm and moisten air, are bypassed
答え: D · Less urine, a rising creatinine and a tender graft
これが答えになる理由
Acute rejection may cause falling urine output, rising creatinine, weight gain, fever, and pain or tenderness over the graft. Many episodes are found on blood tests before symptoms appear, so regular monitoring is essential.
答え
D · Less urine, a rising creatinine and a tender graft
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Acute rejection, needing urgent transplant team review
これが答えになる理由
Fever, graft tenderness, falling urine output and rising creatinine suggest acute rejection, although infection must also be ruled out. Early treatment, often with high-dose steroids, can save the graft, so the transplant team is contacted urgently.
答え
A · Acute rejection, needing urgent transplant team review
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · A stress ulcer of the stomach or duodenum after a major burn
これが答えになる理由
Curling's ulcer is an acute peptic ulcer after severe burns, linked with reduced gut blood flow. Early enteral feeding and acid suppression help prevent it, and GI bleeding is watched for.
答え
C · A stress ulcer of the stomach or duodenum after a major burn
Oral antibiotics before labour do not prevent recolonisation. IV antibiotics in labour, given ideally at least 4 hours before birth, greatly reduce early-onset GBS disease in the newborn.
答え
D · Intravenously during labour
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · "I will take a folic acid supplement to stay healthy while on this drug."
これが答えになる理由
Methotrexate is a folic acid antagonist, so folate supplements reduce its effect and should be avoided during treatment. Serial hCG checks, avoiding alcohol and seeking help for signs of rupture are correct.
答え
C · "I will take a folic acid supplement to stay healthy while on this drug."
答え: C · Mumps orchitis, a known complication after puberty
これが答えになる理由
Orchitis is a common complication of mumps in males after puberty, usually a few days after the parotid swelling. It is painful and, rarely, reduces fertility. Supportive care includes analgesia and scrotal support.
答え
C · Mumps orchitis, a known complication after puberty
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
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