A patient with expressive aphasia after a stroke understands speech but struggles to find words. Which approach helps most?
ASpeak louder and more slowly than usual
BFinish their sentences quickly for them to save them frustration
CAsk simple yes/no questions and allow plenty of time
DTalk to the family instead of the patient
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient standing for the first time after surgery becomes pale, sweaty and dizzy. What should the nurse do first?
AEncourage the patient to keep walking to build strength
BLeave the patient standing and fetch the blood pressure machine
CGive the patient a sugary drink while standing
DHelp the patient sit or lie down safely
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
When is a prophylactic antibiotic usually given to prevent a surgical site infection?
AWithin about 60 minutes before the incision
BThe day after surgery, once the wound is closed
COne week before surgery
DOnly if a fever develops after surgery
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
Victims of a chemical spill arrive at the emergency department with liquid on their skin and clothing. What is the priority before they enter the building?
AGive them hospital gowns and seat them in triage
BDecontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE
CTake a full history in the waiting room
DTake them straight into the resuscitation room so treatment is not delayed
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
委任における説明責任を正しく理解している発言はどれですか?
A「業務がうまくいかなかったら、責任があるのは助手だけです。」
B「委任するという判断と、結果のフォローアップについては、私に説明責任が残ります。」
C「委任してよい業務だったかどうかについては、看護助手に説明責任があります。」
D「業務を委任したら、もう私の関心事ではありません。」
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient is admitted with inhalational anthrax. Which precautions are needed?
AAirborne precautions in a negative-pressure room for the whole of the hospital stay
BFull contact and droplet precautions for all staff and visitors on the unit
CDroplet precautions with a surgical mask for everyone who enters
DStandard precautions, because it does not usually spread from person to person
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient has a fentanyl patch for chronic pain. Which advice is correct?
ACut the patch in half if the pain improves, to lower the dose
BKeep using the old patch with the new one
CApply the patch to broken skin for faster effect
DAvoid heat sources such as hot water bottles over the patch
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A nurse teaches a patient with diabetes about foot care. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will see the podiatrist about hard skin."
B"I will walk barefoot at home to toughen my feet."
C"I will wear well-fitting shoes."
D"I will check my feet every day for cuts or blisters."
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
患者のリチウム濃度を上げる可能性が最も高い要因はどれですか?
A脱水、またはナトリウム摂取量の急な減少
B数日間、普段より塩分を多くとること
C各用量を、食前ではなく食事とともに服用すること
D暑い天候のときに、普段より多く水分をとること
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
Two days after bowel surgery, a patient with nasogastric suction has a distended abdomen, absent bowel sounds and muscle weakness. The potassium is 2.8 mEq/L. Which interpretation is best?
AThe low potassium is due to the patient drinking too much water
BThe potassium is normal for the second day after surgery
CHyperkalemia from tissue damage is causing the bowel to stop
DHypokalemia from gastric losses is contributing to paralytic ileus
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient starting niacin (nicotinic acid) complains of flushing and warmth after doses. Which advice may reduce this?
ATake it on an empty stomach in a hot bath
BTake aspirin 30 minutes before the niacin, if the prescriber agrees
CDouble the dose to build tolerance faster
DTake the niacin with a hot drink so that it dissolves and acts faster
12.薬理学むずかしい
A ventilated ICU patient receives vecuronium, a neuromuscular blocker. Why must sedation and pain relief also be given?
ASedatives are needed to prevent vecuronium from causing seizures and agitation
BNeuromuscular blockers paralyse muscles but do not cause sedation or analgesia
CVecuronium causes severe pain at the injection site
DVecuronium stops working unless a sedative is also given
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
What is the purpose of a mucolytic such as carbocisteine in chronic productive cough?
ATo stop the patient coughing completely, day and night
BTo kill bacteria in the airways
CTo widen the airways within minutes
DTo make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with asthma needs their reliever every three hours and their peak flow is falling well below their personal best. What does their action plan most likely advise?
AStop the preventer inhaler for a few days to rest the lungs
BDo extra exercise to open the airways
CWait two weeks to see whether it improves without any change
DFollow the worsening-asthma steps and get a same-day review
答え: C · Ask simple yes/no questions and allow plenty of time
これが答えになる理由
Short questions that can be answered with yes, no or a gesture, picture boards and patience let the patient communicate. Hearing is not the problem, so shouting does not help.
答え
C · Ask simple yes/no questions and allow plenty of time
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Help the patient sit or lie down safely
これが答えになる理由
These signs suggest postural hypotension and a risk of fainting. The nurse lowers the patient safely first, then checks blood pressure and pulse and reports the finding.
答え
D · Help the patient sit or lie down safely
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Within about 60 minutes before the incision
これが答えになる理由
For most drugs, prophylaxis is given within 60 minutes before the incision so tissue levels are high during surgery. Some drugs, such as vancomycin, start earlier because they are infused over longer.
答え
A · Within about 60 minutes before the incision
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Decontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE
これが答えになる理由
Contaminated patients are decontaminated outside the department so the chemical is not brought inside to harm staff and other patients. Staff doing this wear PPE suited to the hazard.
答え
B · Decontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE
答え: D · Standard precautions, because it does not usually spread from person to person
これが答えになる理由
Inhalational anthrax is not spread from person to person, so standard precautions are used. Contact precautions may be added for skin (cutaneous) anthrax with draining lesions.
答え
D · Standard precautions, because it does not usually spread from person to person
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Avoid heat sources such as hot water bottles over the patch
これが答えになる理由
Heat increases absorption of fentanyl through the skin and can cause overdose. Old patches are removed and folded before disposal, and patches should not be cut unless the product allows it.
答え
D · Avoid heat sources such as hot water bottles over the patch
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · "I will walk barefoot at home to toughen my feet."
これが答えになる理由
Diabetic neuropathy and poor circulation mean small injuries can become ulcers. Patients should avoid walking barefoot, inspect their feet daily and get professional foot care.
答え
B · "I will walk barefoot at home to toughen my feet."
答え: D · Hypokalemia from gastric losses is contributing to paralytic ileus
これが答えになる理由
Gastric suction removes potassium and causes metabolic alkalosis, which shifts more potassium into cells. Low potassium reduces smooth muscle contraction and contributes to ileus and weakness. The provider is informed and potassium is replaced as prescribed.確認に用いた資料:Hypokalemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)
答え
D · Hypokalemia from gastric losses is contributing to paralytic ileus
11.薬理学
答え: B · Take aspirin 30 minutes before the niacin, if the prescriber agrees
これが答えになる理由
Niacin causes prostaglandin-mediated vasodilation and flushing. Aspirin beforehand, taking it with food and avoiding hot drinks and alcohol reduce this effect.
答え
B · Take aspirin 30 minutes before the niacin, if the prescriber agrees
12.薬理学
答え: B · Neuromuscular blockers paralyse muscles but do not cause sedation or analgesia
これが答えになる理由
Neuromuscular blockers cause paralysis but leave awareness and pain sensation intact. Without sedation and analgesia, the patient could be awake and in pain while unable to move.
答え
B · Neuromuscular blockers paralyse muscles but do not cause sedation or analgesia
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · To make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
これが答えになる理由
Mucolytics reduce sputum viscosity, which can make expectoration easier and may reduce exacerbations in some people with COPD. They are not bronchodilators or antibiotics. Cough suppressants are generally avoided in productive cough.
答え
D · To make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Follow the worsening-asthma steps and get a same-day review
これが答えになる理由
Personal asthma action plans set steps based on symptoms and peak flow compared with the personal best. Increasing reliever need and a falling peak flow mean worsening asthma: treatment is increased as the plan says (sometimes with oral steroids) and urgent review is sought. Severe signs need emergency care.
答え
D · Follow the worsening-asthma steps and get a same-day review
答え: D · Replace the catheter and take a sample from the new one
これが答えになる理由
Long-term catheters develop a biofilm that contaminates samples. Guidance usually advises replacing the catheter, collecting a sample from the new one and then starting antibiotics. Bag samples are not used.
答え
D · Replace the catheter and take a sample from the new one
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Decompression with a flexible sigmoidoscope and flatus tube
これが答えになる理由
Endoscopic decompression often untwists a sigmoid volvulus. Recurrence is common, so elective surgery may follow. Signs of ischaemia or perforation need emergency surgery.
答え
A · Decompression with a flexible sigmoidoscope and flatus tube
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Start active warming and monitor the temperature
これが答えになる理由
Hypothermia increases the risk of bleeding, infection and cardiac events, and shivering increases oxygen use. Active warming with warmed fluids if needed is started, and the patient stays in recovery until temperature is acceptable.
答え
B · Start active warming and monitor the temperature
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Moderate exercise like walking or swimming is encouraged
これが答えになる理由
Moderate exercise is safe and beneficial for most pregnant women. Contact sports, activities with a high fall risk and scuba diving are avoided, as is lying flat on the back for long periods later in pregnancy.
答え
B · Moderate exercise like walking or swimming is encouraged
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Rising oxygen levels and falling prostaglandins
これが答えになる理由
Higher blood oxygen and lower prostaglandin levels after birth cause the ductus arteriosus to constrict. Prostaglandin infusions are used to keep it open in duct-dependent heart defects.
答え
B · Rising oxygen levels and falling prostaglandins
21.小児看護
答え: D · Measuring and recording the vital signs of a stable child
これが答えになる理由
Routine tasks with predictable outcomes for stable patients, such as recording vital signs, can be delegated. Assessment, care planning, teaching and evaluation remain the responsibility of the registered nurse, who also reviews the results.
答え
D · Measuring and recording the vital signs of a stable child
22.小児看護
答え: C · Insulin moves potassium into the cells, so blood potassium can fall sharply
これが答えになる理由
Total body potassium is low in DKA, though blood levels may look normal at first. Insulin and correction of acidosis drive potassium into cells, risking hypokalaemia and arrhythmias, so potassium is added to fluids and checked often.
答え
C · Insulin moves potassium into the cells, so blood potassium can fall sharply
23.精神看護
答え: D · It is a lasting pattern of perfectionism and control without true obsessions and compulsions
これが答えになる理由
In OCPD, rigid perfectionism, orderliness and control are part of the personality and usually feel right to the person. In OCD, the person has intrusive obsessions and compulsions that they usually find distressing.
答え
D · It is a lasting pattern of perfectionism and control without true obsessions and compulsions
24.精神看護
答え: C · 落ち着いた言葉によるデエスカレーションを用い、安全な距離を保ち、双方に出口があることを確保する
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
各項目(mL)
4 tbsp = 4·15 = 60 mL
½ tsp = 0.5·5 = 2.5 mL
8 fl oz = 8·30 = 240 mL
1½ カップ = 1.5·240 = 360 mL
足す
V = 60 + 2.5 + 240 + 360 = 662.5 mL
答え
V = 662.5 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: m = 100 mg
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
濃度
2% = 2 g/100 mL = 20 mg/mL
薬剤の質量
m = 20·5 = 100 mg
答え
m = 100 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: R = 20 mL/h
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
25000/1000 = 25 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 500/25 = 20 mL/h
答え
R = 20 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 200 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
50·60/60 = 50 mL/h
体積
V = 50·4 = 200 mL
答え
V = 200 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: Δ = 14.67 %
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 14/min → 0
SpO₂ 95% → 1
酸素投与中 → 2
SBP 112 mmHg → 0
HR 82/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 37.4 °C → 0
足す
NEWS2 = 0 + 1 + 2 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 3
答え
NEWS2 = 3
34.臨床アセスメントスコア
答え: 中
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 18/min → 0
SpO₂ 96% → 0
酸素投与中 → 2
SBP 96 mmHg → 2
HR 58/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 39.0 °C → 1
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 2 + 2 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 5
3点のパラメータはありません。
リスク群
中
答え
中
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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