A dying patient has noisy, rattling breathing that is upsetting the family. Which nursing action helps?
AGive large volumes of oral fluids
BTell the family it means the patient is choking and needs help
CStart deep suction every 10 minutes
DReposition the patient and explain the cause to the family
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A small fire starts in a patient's room. What is the first action?
AMove the patient away from immediate danger
BGo and find the fire safety officer to ask what should be done
CTry to put out the fire with water
DOpen the windows to let out the smoke
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient is admitted to an inpatient mental health unit. Why are personal belongings checked?
ATo decide which family members may visit
BTo find out what the patient likes to wear during the hospital stay
CTo remove items that could be used to harm self or others
DTo make a list of valuable items for insurance
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
Over a few hours, the emergency department sees many previously healthy people with the same unusual severe symptoms. What should the nurse do?
AReport it to infection prevention and public health authorities promptly
BSend the patients home quickly to avoid crowding the emergency department
CTreat each patient and wait to see if more arrive next week
DTell only the patients’ families about the pattern
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient has a nasogastric tube on suction. Which task can the nurse delegate to a nursing assistant?
AChecking the tube’s position
BAssessing the drainage for blood
CIrrigating the tube when it blocks
DGiving mouth care
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
腎臓内科病棟で、看護師が最初に診るべき患者はどれですか?
A腹膜透析を受けていて、排液が透明な患者
B動静脈シャントに、強いスリルと血管雑音がある患者
C血液透析を受けていて、昨日のセッションを欠席し、今は筋力低下と不整脈がある患者
D低リン食についての助言を求めている患者
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient's low potassium does not improve despite potassium replacement. Which other electrolyte should be checked?
AChloride
BSodium
CPhosphate
DMagnesium
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient rescued from a house fire has soot around the mouth, singed nasal hairs and a hoarse voice. What is the main concern?
AHypothermia from the fire service water
BA minor throat infection
CDehydration from sweating
DAirway swelling from inhalation injury
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
慢性腎臓病の患者は、酢酸カルシウムやセベラマーなどのリン吸着薬をいつ服用すべきですか?
A食事とともに
B空腹時の就寝前
C気分が悪いときだけ
D週に 1 回だけ
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has fever, chills, flank pain and costovertebral angle tenderness. Urinalysis shows many white cells and white cell casts. Which condition is most likely?
AAcute pyelonephritis
BSimple cystitis
CGlomerulonephritis
DNephrotic syndrome
11.薬理学ふつう
Which adverse effect of doxorubicin requires monitoring of heart function?
ASevere hypertension during the infusion itself
BPericarditis caused by infection
CCumulative heart muscle damage leading to heart failure
DRapid rise in cholesterol
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient with severe chronic hyponatraemia receives hypertonic saline. Why is the rate of correction strictly limited?
ARaising sodium too fast causes severe hypokalaemia and cardiac arrest
BRaising sodium too fast can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
CHypertonic saline is toxic to the liver at high rates
DFast correction causes immediate kidney failure
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient has episodes of severe headache, sweating and palpitations with very high blood pressure. Which rare cause should be considered?
AAortic stenosis
BAsthma
CStable angina
DPhaeochromocytoma
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
The monitor of a patient with a permanent pacemaker shows pacing spikes, but none of them is followed by a QRS complex. What does this mean?
AFailure to sense
BFailure to capture
CNormal pacemaker function
DAtrial fibrillation
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient's potassium stays low despite replacement. Which other level should be checked?
AMagnesium
BBilirubin
CAmylase
DFerritin
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
An adult stares blankly for about a minute, smacks their lips and fumbles with their clothes. Afterwards they are confused for ten minutes and remember nothing. Which seizure type fits best?
AMyoclonic seizure
BAtonic (drop) seizure with a fall
CFocal impaired awareness seizure
DAbsence seizure
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which intervention most reduces pressure ulcer risk in an immobile patient?
AMassaging red areas firmly at each turn to bring back the circulation
BUsing a doughnut-shaped ring cushion
CKeeping the head of the bed raised at 90° all day
DRegular repositioning and a pressure-redistributing mattress
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A competent adult who is a Jehovah's Witness refuses blood transfusion before major surgery. What should the nurse do?
AAsk the family to override the decision
BPlan to transfuse secretly during the operation if it becomes needed
CRespect the decision, document it and inform the team
DCancel the surgery without discussing it
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman at 18 weeks asks about safe exercise. Which advice is correct?
AExercise should be stopped completely during pregnancy
BModerate exercise like walking or swimming is encouraged
CContact sports and scuba diving are safe if she did them before
DExercise lying flat on her back is best after 20 weeks
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Which finding in a newborn at 6 hours requires the most urgent action?
AMild moulding of the head
BAcrocyanosis of the hands and feet
CSmall white milia on the nose and chin
DCentral cyanosis, fast breathing and grunting
21.小児看護ふつう
A child with a myelomeningocele has a neurogenic bladder. Which management is usual?
答え: D · Reposition the patient and explain the cause to the family
これが答えになる理由
Noisy "death rattle" breathing comes from secretions in the throat and is not usually distressing to the patient. Repositioning, explanation and sometimes medicines help; deep suction is usually avoided.
答え
D · Reposition the patient and explain the cause to the family
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Move the patient away from immediate danger
これが答えになる理由
The first priority is to rescue anyone in immediate danger, then raise the alarm, contain the fire by closing doors and only then try to extinguish it if safe. Opening windows feeds a fire with oxygen.
答え
A · Move the patient away from immediate danger
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · To remove items that could be used to harm self or others
これが答えになる理由
Belongings are searched with the patient, according to policy, for items such as sharp objects, cords, drugs and lighters. These are stored safely to reduce the risk of self-harm or violence.
答え
C · To remove items that could be used to harm self or others
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Report it to infection prevention and public health authorities promptly
これが答えになる理由
Clusters of similar unusual illness can signal an outbreak or bioterrorism. Early reporting allows public health to investigate, guide precautions and treatment, and protect the community.
答え
A · Report it to infection prevention and public health authorities promptly
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Giving mouth care
これが答えになる理由
Mouth care is routine and important because the patient cannot eat or drink. Checking position, irrigating the tube and assessing drainage need nursing skills and judgement.
Hypomagnesaemia increases renal potassium loss and makes hypokalaemia hard to correct. Magnesium must be replaced as well.
答え
D · Magnesium
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · Airway swelling from inhalation injury
これが答えになる理由
These signs suggest inhalation injury, which can cause rapid airway swelling and obstruction. Early senior anaesthetic review is needed, as early intubation may be required. Carbon monoxide poisoning must also be considered.
White cell casts show that the inflammation is in the kidney itself, not just the bladder. With fever and flank pain this indicates pyelonephritis. Glomerulonephritis typically causes red cell casts, and nephrotic syndrome causes heavy protein loss.確認に用いた資料:Urinary casts · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Glomerulonephritis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
A · Acute pyelonephritis
11.薬理学
答え: C · Cumulative heart muscle damage leading to heart failure
これが答えになる理由
Anthracyclines such as doxorubicin can damage heart muscle, and the risk increases with cumulative dose. Heart function is assessed before and during treatment; the drug can also turn urine red.
答え
C · Cumulative heart muscle damage leading to heart failure
12.薬理学
答え: B · Raising sodium too fast can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
これが答えになる理由
In chronic hyponatraemia the brain adapts to low osmolality. Correcting sodium too rapidly shrinks brain cells and can cause osmotic demyelination (central pontine myelinolysis), so sodium is checked often.
答え
B · Raising sodium too fast can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Phaeochromocytoma
これが答えになる理由
Phaeochromocytoma is a catecholamine-secreting tumour, usually of the adrenal medulla. Classic features are paroxysmal headache, sweating, palpitations and hypertension. It is diagnosed with plasma or urine metanephrines.
答え
D · Phaeochromocytoma
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Failure to capture
これが答えになる理由
Failure to capture means the pacing stimulus does not depolarise the myocardium, so no QRS follows the spike. Causes include lead displacement, a raised threshold or battery problems. It can cause bradycardia or asystole, so the patient is assessed and the team informed urgently.
答え
B · Failure to capture
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Magnesium
これが答えになる理由
Hypomagnesaemia increases potassium loss in the urine and makes hypokalaemia hard to correct. Magnesium is checked and replaced as well.
答え
A · Magnesium
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Focal impaired awareness seizure
これが答えになる理由
Focal impaired awareness seizures often come from the temporal lobe. They last about a minute or two, with automatisms such as lip smacking and fumbling, and are followed by confusion. Absence seizures are shorter and have no postictal phase.
答え
C · Focal impaired awareness seizure
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Regular repositioning and a pressure-redistributing mattress
これが答えになる理由
Regular repositioning according to risk and suitable support surfaces reduce pressure. Massaging red areas and ring cushions can damage tissue and are not recommended.
答え
D · Regular repositioning and a pressure-redistributing mattress
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Respect the decision, document it and inform the team
これが答えになる理由
An informed refusal by a competent adult must be respected. The team discusses which products and alternatives (such as cell salvage or iron) the patient accepts, documents the decision and plans to reduce blood loss.
答え
C · Respect the decision, document it and inform the team
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Moderate exercise like walking or swimming is encouraged
これが答えになる理由
Moderate exercise is safe and beneficial for most pregnant women. Contact sports, activities with a high fall risk and scuba diving are avoided, as is lying flat on the back for long periods later in pregnancy.
答え
B · Moderate exercise like walking or swimming is encouraged
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Central cyanosis, fast breathing and grunting
これが答えになる理由
Central cyanosis, tachypnoea and grunting indicate respiratory distress and need immediate assessment, oxygen and evaluation for causes such as infection, heart disease or lung problems.
答え
D · Central cyanosis, fast breathing and grunting
21.小児看護
答え: C · Clean intermittent catheterisation
これが答えになる理由
Damage to the spinal nerves causes a bladder that does not empty fully, risking infection and kidney damage. Clean intermittent catheterisation several times a day, taught to parents and later to the child, is the usual approach.
答え
C · Clean intermittent catheterisation
22.小児看護
答え: C · 急性胸部症候群(緊急事態)
これが答えになる理由
急性胸部症候群は、胸痛、発熱、呼吸器症状、低酸素、胸部 X 線の新たな変化を起こします。鎌状赤血球症の主な死因の 1 つで、緊急の治療が必要です。
答え
C · 急性胸部症候群(緊急事態)
23.精神看護
答え: B · The expected benefits, the main risks and the alternatives, including no treatment
これが答えになる理由
Valid consent requires that the patient has capacity, has enough information about benefits, risks and alternatives, and decides voluntarily. A mental illness does not automatically remove capacity.
答え
B · The expected benefits, the main risks and the alternatives, including no treatment
24.精神看護
答え: B · Support a gradual, planned return to school with a consistent goodbye routine
これが答えになる理由
Long-term avoidance strengthens anxiety. A gradual, planned return, short and predictable goodbyes, praise for brave behaviour and cooperation between parents and school, often with CBT, help the child cope.
答え
B · Support a gradual, planned return to school with a consistent goodbye routine
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: m = 3.89 kg
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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