A patient arrives back on the ward after surgery. What does the nurse assess first?
AThe wound dressing
BAirway and breathing
CFluid balance chart
DPain score
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient on regular paracetamol (acetaminophen) also takes an over-the-counter cold and flu remedy. Why is this a concern?
ACold remedies stop paracetamol from working, so the pain will not be controlled
BMany cold remedies also contain paracetamol, risking liver damage
CThere is no concern, as cold remedies contain no drugs
DParacetamol makes cold remedies cause drowsiness
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
In the US (EPA/OSHA) hazmat system, which level of PPE gives the highest level of protection?
ALevel A
BLevel D
CLevel B
DLevel C
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
急性の下痢で入院した患者に C. difficile 感染症が疑われます。検査結果は未着です。接触予防策はいつ開始しますか?
A患者が発熱したときだけ
B検査結果が陽性で返ってきたときだけ
C検査結果を待たず、直ちに
D下痢が3日続いた後
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient had a colostomy formed yesterday. Which stoma appearance should be reported straight away?
AA little bleeding when cleaned
BMoist and pink-red
CSlightly swollen
DDark purple or black
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient receiving comfort-focused end-of-life care is distressed by breathlessness. Which approach is most appropriate?
AGive prescribed opioids and use positioning and a fan to relieve breathlessness
BWithhold all opioids because they may slow breathing
CStart a series of aggressive tests to find the exact cause of the breathlessness
DLeave the patient alone so they can rest
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient is having a 12-lead ECG. Where are the chest electrodes placed?
AIn a straight line down the centre of the sternum from top to bottom
BAnywhere on the chest where the skin is clear
CIn standard numbered positions across the front and left of the chest
DOn both shoulders and both hips only
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Why is morphine more likely to cause toxicity in a patient with severe kidney impairment?
AThe kidneys normally activate morphine, so more of it becomes active
BKidney failure makes the stomach absorb more morphine
CKidney disease makes the opioid receptors disappear
DIts active metabolites build up because the kidneys excrete them
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
Which instruction is correct for a patient starting oral iron tablets?
AYour stools may turn dark green or black
BTake each tablet with milk to protect the stomach
CYour urine will turn bright orange while you take it
DTake the tablet with an antacid to improve absorption
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient recovering from acute tubular necrosis now passes 4–5 L of urine a day. Which electrolyte changes should the nurse watch for?
ALow potassium and low sodium from urine losses
BHigh calcium and high phosphate from bone loss
CHigh potassium and high sodium from retention
DNo changes, because the kidneys are now normal
11.薬理学ふつう
What should the nurse teach a patient about taking levothyroxine?
ATake it on an empty stomach, 30–60 minutes before breakfast
BTake it only on days when feeling tired
CTake it with milk at dinner, as calcium protects the stomach lining
DTake it together with the iron tablet to save time
12.薬理学むずかしい
両側腎動脈狭窄のある患者で、ACE 阻害薬が急性腎障害を起こしうるのはなぜですか?
AGFR が、アンジオテンシン II による輸出細動脈の収縮に依存しているから
BACE 阻害薬は輸入細動脈を収縮させるから
CACE 阻害薬は腎臓の近位尿細管細胞に直接毒性があるから
D薬が腎尿細管で結晶化するから
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Which side effect is particularly common with verapamil?
ADiarrhoea
BConstipation
CDry cough
DHair loss
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient on an unfractionated heparin infusion has a nosebleed that will not stop, and the aPTT is far above the target range. What is the most appropriate action?
AIncrease the infusion, as the aPTT will settle
BStop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine
CContinue the infusion at the same rate and pack the nose firmly
DGive vitamin K and continue the infusion at a slightly lower rate
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Which complication is a particular risk in nephrotic syndrome?
ABleeding from low platelets
BLow cholesterol
CHypoglycaemia
DVenous thrombosis
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
On day 6 after a subarachnoid haemorrhage, a patient becomes newly confused and develops weakness in one arm. The aneurysm was secured on day 1. What is the most likely cause?
ARe-bleeding from the secured aneurysm
BDelayed cerebral ischaemia from vasospasm
CHypoglycaemia from reduced eating
DNormal tiredness after major surgery
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Before an anti-TNF biologic such as infliximab is started for Crohn's disease, which screening is essential?
AA test of colour vision
BA bone density scan
CScreening for tuberculosis
DA test for coeliac disease
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient is booked for a urea breath test for H. pylori. Which medicine should usually be stopped 2 weeks before the test?
AParacetamol (acetaminophen)
BAmlodipine
COmeprazole
DLevothyroxine
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A newborn's anterior fontanelle is sunken. What should the nurse suspect?
AHydrocephalus
BNormal crying
CDehydration
DRaised intracranial pressure
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
After the placenta is delivered, the nurse examines it. Why?
ATo check the mother's blood type and Rh factor
BTo check that it is complete and nothing is retained
CTo decide whether the baby needs vitamin K
DTo estimate the baby's gestational age from its weight
21.小児看護ふつう
A child has impetigo. Which advice helps to stop it spreading?
ACover the crusts with a thick layer of petroleum jelly and leave them
BPick the crusts off daily so the skin heals faster
CShare flannels and towels so the whole family is treated
DUse separate towels, wash hands often and keep nails short
22.小児看護むずかしい
A large baby born to a mother with diabetes becomes jittery at 1 hour of age. What should the nurse check first?
AThe baby's haemoglobin
BThe baby's serum bilirubin
CThe baby's blood glucose
DThe baby's blood group
23.精神看護ふつう
患者のリチウム濃度を測定するための採血は、いつ行うべきですか?
A最後の服用の 1 時間後
B最後の服用の約 12 時間後
C違いはないので、1 日のうちいつでもよい
D朝の服用の直後
24.精神看護むずかしい
神経性過食症の患者の血清カリウムが 2.8 mmol/L です。主な懸念は何ですか?
A食欲の増加
B体重増加のリスク
C筋力の改善
D生命を脅かす不整脈のリスク
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の身長は 177 cm です。1 in = 2.54 cm を使って、身長 h をインチで求めてください。小数第1位に丸めてください。
177 cm1 in = 2.54 cm
h = in
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴は 12 mg/h を投与します。この投与速度 D を mcg/min で表してください。小数第1位に丸めてください。
12 mg/h1 mg = 1000 mcg1 h = 60 min
D = mcg/min
27.投与量の計算ふつう
アドレナリン(エピネフリン)のプレフィルドシリンジに 1:10 000(0.1 mg/mL)と表示されています。指示は心停止に対する 1 mg の静注(IV)です。投与する量 V はいくらですか?
1:10 0001 mg
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
処方は 2150 単位で、薬は 5000 単位/mL で供給されます。1 mL の注射器に用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
2150 units5000 units/mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
点滴が 20 滴/mL のセットで 20 滴/分で落ちています。患者は 12 時間に何ミリリットル V 受け取りますか?
20 gtt/min20 gtt/mL12 h
V = mL
30.点滴速度むずかしい
点滴が 60 滴/mL のセットで 30 滴/分で落ちています。バッグには 300 mL 残っています。あと何時間 t で空になりますか?
30 gtt/min60 gtt/mL300 mL
t = h
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。患者の体重は 90 kg です。平均尿量 U を mL/kg/h で求めてください。 小数第 2 位まで四捨五入してください。
90 kg8 h尿: 375 mL尿: 500 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.輸液と水分出納むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 500 mL の輸液を 17:00 に 125 mL/h で開始します。3 時間後に流量を 150 mL/h に変更し、その後は変更しません。開始から何時間後 t にバッグは空になりますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
After anaesthesia the airway and breathing are checked first, then circulation, consciousness, pain, the wound, drains and fluids.
答え
B · Airway and breathing
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · Many cold remedies also contain paracetamol, risking liver damage
これが答えになる理由
Paracetamol is in many combination products. Taking several at once can push the total over the safe daily maximum and cause liver damage, so patients are taught to check labels.
答え
B · Many cold remedies also contain paracetamol, risking liver damage
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Level A
これが答えになる理由
Level A is a fully encapsulating, vapor-tight suit with self-contained breathing apparatus, used for unknown or highly toxic agents. Level D is ordinary work clothing with minimal protection.
A healthy stoma is moist and pink to red, and early swelling or slight bleeding is common. A dark purple or black stoma suggests poor blood supply (ischemia) and needs urgent review.
答え
D · Dark purple or black
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Give prescribed opioids and use positioning and a fan to relieve breathlessness
これが答えになる理由
In palliative care, opioids are used to relieve breathlessness, along with positioning, a fan and calm reassurance. The aim is comfort, not more investigations.
答え
A · Give prescribed opioids and use positioning and a fan to relieve breathlessness
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · In standard numbered positions across the front and left of the chest
これが答えになる理由
The six chest leads (V1–V6) have standard anatomical positions, from the 4th intercostal space beside the sternum to the mid-axillary line. Wrong placement can change the ECG and lead to misinterpretation.
答え
C · In standard numbered positions across the front and left of the chest
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · Its active metabolites build up because the kidneys excrete them
これが答えになる理由
Morphine metabolites, including morphine-6-glucuronide, are cleared by the kidneys and accumulate in renal impairment, causing sedation and respiratory depression. Alternative opioids or lower doses are often chosen.
答え
D · Its active metabolites build up because the kidneys excrete them
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Your stools may turn dark green or black
これが答えになる理由
Oral iron commonly darkens the stools, which is harmless, but black tarry stools with abdominal pain should be reported. Milk, antacids and tea reduce absorption; vitamin C or orange juice can improve it.確認に用いた資料:Ferrograd C patient information leaflet (ferrous sulfate + vitamin C) · electronic medicines compendium (eMC), UK (2018)
答え
A · Your stools may turn dark green or black
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Low potassium and low sodium from urine losses
これが答えになる理由
In the diuretic phase of AKI, the recovering tubules lose large amounts of water and electrolytes, so dehydration, hypokalemia and hyponatremia can occur. Daily weights, intake and output, and frequent electrolytes guide replacement.確認に用いた資料:Acute tubular necrosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
A · Low potassium and low sodium from urine losses
11.薬理学
答え: A · Take it on an empty stomach, 30–60 minutes before breakfast
これが答えになる理由
Levothyroxine is best absorbed on an empty stomach, and calcium, iron and antacids should be taken some hours apart. It is taken every day, usually for life.
答え
A · Take it on an empty stomach, 30–60 minutes before breakfast
12.薬理学
答え: A · GFR が、アンジオテンシン II による輸出細動脈の収縮に依存しているから
これが答えになる理由
腎灌流が低いとき、アンジオテンシン II は輸出細動脈を収縮させて糸球体内圧を保ちます。これを遮断すると圧と GFR が下がり、腎機能が急激に低下することがあります。
答え
A · GFR が、アンジオテンシン II による輸出細動脈の収縮に依存しているから
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Constipation
これが答えになる理由
Verapamil is a rate-limiting calcium channel blocker that slows AV conduction. Constipation is its most common side effect. It can also cause bradycardia and should not be combined with beta-blockers without specialist care because of the risk of heart block.
答え
B · Constipation
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Stop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine
これが答えになる理由
With bleeding and a high aPTT, the heparin infusion is stopped at once and the prescriber informed. Because heparin's effect wears off within hours, stopping is often enough, but protamine sulfate can reverse it. Vitamin K reverses warfarin, not heparin.
答え
B · Stop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Venous thrombosis
これが答えになる理由
In nephrotic syndrome, anticoagulant proteins such as antithrombin are lost, and clotting factors made by the liver rise, so venous thrombosis is more likely. Infection and high cholesterol are other complications.
答え
D · Venous thrombosis
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Delayed cerebral ischaemia from vasospasm
これが答えになる理由
Vasospasm of cerebral arteries typically occurs several days after a subarachnoid haemorrhage and causes new focal deficits or confusion. It needs urgent medical review. Normal fluid balance is maintained, and nimodipine is continued.
答え
B · Delayed cerebral ischaemia from vasospasm
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Screening for tuberculosis
これが答えになる理由
Anti-TNF drugs suppress immunity and can reactivate latent tuberculosis. Patients are screened for TB and hepatitis B before starting and are taught to report signs of infection.
答え
C · Screening for tuberculosis
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Omeprazole
これが答えになる理由
PPIs suppress H. pylori and can give false-negative breath or stool tests, so they are usually stopped 2 weeks before. Antibiotics are usually stopped 4 weeks before testing.
答え
C · Omeprazole
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Dehydration
これが答えになる理由
A sunken fontanelle suggests dehydration. A tense or bulging fontanelle when the baby is calm and upright can indicate raised intracranial pressure, such as from meningitis or hydrocephalus.
答え
C · Dehydration
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · To check that it is complete and nothing is retained
これが答えになる理由
The placenta and membranes are inspected for completeness. Retained fragments prevent the uterus contracting and cause postpartum haemorrhage and infection. The number of cord vessels is also checked.
答え
B · To check that it is complete and nothing is retained
21.小児看護
答え: D · Use separate towels, wash hands often and keep nails short
これが答えになる理由
Impetigo spreads easily by touch. Good hand hygiene, separate towels, short nails and avoiding scratching or picking reduce spread, along with the prescribed antibiotic or antiseptic treatment.
答え
D · Use separate towels, wash hands often and keep nails short
22.小児看護
答え: C · The baby's blood glucose
これが答えになる理由
Babies of mothers with diabetes produce extra insulin before birth, so after the cord is cut they are at high risk of hypoglycaemia. Jitteriness is a common sign, so blood glucose is checked straight away and the baby is fed or treated as per protocol.
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
センチメートルからインチへ
h = 177/2.54 = 69.69 ≈ 69.7 in
答え
h = 69.7 in
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: D = 200 mcg/min
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 12 mg/h × (1000 mcg/1 mg) × (1 h/60 min)
計算する
D = 12000/60 = 200 mcg/min
答え
D = 200 mcg/min
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 10 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 18/min → 0
SpO₂ 96% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 78 mmHg → 3
HR 104/min → 1
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 38.1 °C → 1
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 3 + 1 + 0 + 1 = 5
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
中
答え
中
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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