A patient on the ward has shingles with open blisters. Which people are most at risk from contact?
APregnant women and immunocompromised people who have not had chickenpox
BNo one, because shingles cannot spread
CPeople who have already had chickenpox in childhood and are now healthy
DOnly people over 80 who have already had shingles themselves
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Which type of drug is commonly used to treat neuropathic pain?
AAntihistamines such as cetirizine
BSome anticonvulsants or antidepressants, such as gabapentin
CAntibiotics such as amoxicillin, given as a long course
DProton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient on carbamazepine becomes confused and has a headache. Which laboratory result would most likely explain this?
AA high serum potassium
BA low serum magnesium
CA low serum sodium
DA high serum calcium
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A frail older adult in a nursing home has been drinking very little during a heat wave. She is confused, and her sodium is 158 mEq/L. Which treatment would the nurse expect?
AA loop diuretic to remove the extra sodium quickly
BStrict fluid restriction to below 800 mL a day
CGradual replacement of free water over many hours
DRapid infusion of 3% saline to raise the volume
11.薬理学ふつう
旧来の MAO 阻害薬を服用している患者は、チラミンの多い食品について注意を受けます。何が起こりうるのですか?
A重い低血糖
B突然の腎不全
C高血圧クリーゼ
Dアレルギー性の発疹
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on warfarin also takes ginkgo and high-dose garlic supplements and is having minor surgery next week. What should the nurse do?
AIgnore the supplements, as natural products are safe with warfarin
BAdvise stopping warfarin without telling anyone
CAdvise taking extra supplements to improve healing
DTell the surgical team, as the supplements can increase bleeding
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient uses a glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) patch for angina. Why is it usually removed for several hours each day?
AThe patch works only during the night
BThe skin needs a break to absorb a larger dose
CIt lowers the risk of a high potassium level
DA nitrate-free interval prevents tolerance
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with a COPD exacerbation has been on NIV for two hours. They are now more drowsy, and the pH has fallen further despite a good mask fit. What should the nurse do?
AContinue NIV unchanged and repeat the blood gas tomorrow morning
BGive a sedative to help the patient tolerate the mask
CEscalate urgently for review of intubation or a ceiling of care
DRemove the mask and give nebulised bronchodilators only from now on
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
After transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, which advice should the patient follow?
ABlow the nose often to clear any clots
BDrink through a straw to keep the nose clean
CLie completely flat for at least a week after surgery
DAvoid blowing the nose, straining and bending forward
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
Two days after surgery, an 80-year-old woman is quiet, sleepy, slow to answer and eating little. Her daughter says she is "not herself". What should the nurse suspect?
AHypoactive delirium
BSimple low mood about being in hospital
CNormal tiredness after an operation
DThe start of Alzheimer's disease
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which complication is more typical of Crohn's disease than of ulcerative colitis?
AInflammation limited to the rectal lining
BBleeding only from the rectum
CFistulas between the bowel and other organs
DDisease that is cured by removing the colon
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A category (stage) 4 pressure ulcer is now healing and shallower. How should it be documented according to standard guidance?
AAs a category 2 pressure ulcer now
BAs a fully healed ulcer that can be removed from the record
CAs a category 1 pressure ulcer now
DAs a healing category 4 pressure ulcer
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
After an amniotomy, why is the time of rupture of the membranes recorded?
AIt is needed to calculate the woman's Bishop score
BIt is used to work out the baby's gestational age
CIt predicts exactly when the placenta will deliver
DInfection risk rises the longer the membranes are ruptured
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
After birth of the head, the nurse feels the umbilical cord loosely around the baby's neck. What is the appropriate action?
APush the baby's head back into the vagina
BAsk the woman to stop pushing for 30 minutes
CClamp and cut the cord before the shoulders deliver in every case
DSlip the loop over the head or let the body deliver through it
21.小児看護ふつう
A 16-year-old starts an SSRI antidepressant. What is especially important to monitor in the first weeks?
AWeight gain of more than 10 kg in the first month
Flumazenil reverses benzodiazepine sedation. Why is it used with caution in patients who take benzodiazepines long-term?
AIt can cause sudden withdrawal and seizures
BIt causes a dangerous rise in blood sugar
CIt makes the benzodiazepine effect much stronger
DIt causes permanent memory loss after a single dose
24.精神看護むずかしい
A man has odd beliefs about being able to read minds, dresses eccentrically and has few friends because others make him anxious. He has never had sustained hallucinations or delusions. Which diagnosis fits best?
ASchizophrenia
BAntisocial personality disorder
CHistrionic personality disorder with odd dress
DSchizotypal personality disorder
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 滴下速度の計算結果は 62.135 gtt/min です。 この練習問題のルールは「滴下速度は、最も近い整数の滴数に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
62.135 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴が 17:05 に始まり、翌朝の 01:00 に終了しました(24時間表記)。何分 t 続きましたか。
17:0501:00
t = min
27.投与量の計算ふつう
患者の体重は 22 kg です。指示量は 1 日 7.5 mg/kg で、2 回に等分して投与します。1 回あたり何 mg D 投与しますか?
22 kg7.5 mg/kg/日2× 1 日あたり
D = mg
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
処方は 0.41 mg です。アンプルは 1 mL あたり 1000 マイクログラムを含みます。1 mL の注射器に用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
0.41 mg1000 mcg/mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
20 滴/mL の輸液セットで 250 mL を 6 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。 最も近い整数に丸めてください。
250 mL6 h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
バッグは 100 mL 中に薬を 400 mg 含み、20 mL/h で投与されています。患者が受け取るのは 1 時間あたり何 mg D ですか?
400 mg/100 mL20 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 12 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。総摂取量 I を mL で求めてください。
答え: C · Air flows into the room, so airborne particles do not escape into the corridor
これが答えになる理由
Negative pressure draws air into the room and out through filtered exhaust. It is used for airborne infections such as tuberculosis; positive pressure is used to protect patients with very weak immunity.
答え
C · Air flows into the room, so airborne particles do not escape into the corridor
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · The red cells present are saturated, but the blood carries little oxygen
これが答えになる理由
SpO₂ shows the percentage of haemoglobin that carries oxygen, not how much haemoglobin there is. With very little haemoglobin the oxygen content of the blood can be low despite a normal saturation.
答え
B · The red cells present are saturated, but the blood carries little oxygen
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Contact precautions in addition to standard precautions
これが答えになる理由
Hepatitis A spreads through fecal contamination. For a patient who is incontinent or in diapers, contact precautions are added to standard precautions to prevent spread on hands and surfaces.
答え
A · Contact precautions in addition to standard precautions
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Explain that antibiotics do not work on viruses and overuse breeds resistant bacteria
これが答えになる理由
Colds are caused by viruses, which antibiotics do not kill. Unneeded antibiotics cause side effects and drive resistance, so the nurse explains this and offers advice on managing symptoms.
答え
D · Explain that antibiotics do not work on viruses and overuse breeds resistant bacteria
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Sitting upright with the chin tucked down while swallowing
これが答えになる理由
Sitting upright and tucking the chin narrows the airway entrance and helps food pass into the esophagus. The nurse follows the speech therapist’s plan, which may include thickened fluids.
答え
D · Sitting upright with the chin tucked down while swallowing
答え: A · Pregnant women and immunocompromised people who have not had chickenpox
これが答えになる理由
Someone who has never had chickenpox can catch chickenpox from contact with shingles blisters. Non-immune pregnant and immunocompromised people are at particular risk, so lesions are covered and precautions followed.
答え
A · Pregnant women and immunocompromised people who have not had chickenpox
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · Some anticonvulsants or antidepressants, such as gabapentin
これが答えになる理由
Neuropathic pain responds poorly to standard analgesics. Drugs that modify nerve signalling, such as gabapentinoids and some antidepressants, are used, with doses increased gradually.
答え
B · Some anticonvulsants or antidepressants, such as gabapentin
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · A low serum sodium
これが答えになる理由
Carbamazepine (and oxcarbazepine) can cause hyponatremia by increasing the effect of ADH, which can cause confusion, headache and seizures. The drug can also cause serious blood disorders, so the CBC is monitored.確認に用いた資料:Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023); Carbamazepine · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023)
答え
C · A low serum sodium
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Gradual replacement of free water over many hours
これが答えになる理由
Older adults have a reduced sense of thirst and easily develop hypernatremia from water loss. Free water is replaced gradually, because lowering sodium too quickly can cause cerebral edema. Hypertonic saline and fluid restriction would make it worse.
答え
C · Gradual replacement of free water over many hours
11.薬理学
答え: C · 高血圧クリーゼ
これが答えになる理由
腸の MAO は通常、食事中のチラミンを分解します。MAO が阻害されると、熟成チーズなどの食品のチラミンが循環に入ってノルアドレナリンを放出させ、危険な血圧上昇を起こします。
答え
C · 高血圧クリーゼ
12.薬理学
答え: D · Tell the surgical team, as the supplements can increase bleeding
これが答えになる理由
Ginkgo and garlic may impair platelet function and add to warfarin's bleeding risk. The team needs a full list of supplements so it can plan, and the patient should not change warfarin without advice.
答え
D · Tell the surgical team, as the supplements can increase bleeding
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · A nitrate-free interval prevents tolerance
これが答えになる理由
Continuous nitrate use leads to tolerance within days. A daily nitrate-free period (often overnight, when angina is least likely) keeps the drug effective. Patients are taught to rotate patch sites.
答え
D · A nitrate-free interval prevents tolerance
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Escalate urgently for review of intubation or a ceiling of care
これが答えになる理由
Worsening acidosis and consciousness on NIV mean treatment is failing. Senior review is needed to decide on intubation and ventilation or, if agreed in advance, a ceiling of care. Ideally the plan for NIV failure is documented when NIV is started. Sedation would depress breathing further.
答え
C · Escalate urgently for review of intubation or a ceiling of care
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Avoid blowing the nose, straining and bending forward
これが答えになる理由
Raised pressure in the head can open the repair and cause a CSF leak. Patients avoid nose blowing, straining, coughing hard and bending forward, and sneeze with the mouth open. Straws may also be avoided.
答え
D · Avoid blowing the nose, straining and bending forward
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Hypoactive delirium
これが答えになる理由
Hypoactive delirium presents with drowsiness, withdrawal and slowness rather than agitation, so it is often missed. It has a worse prognosis than the hyperactive form. A family report of a sudden change is important, and a screening tool such as the 4AT or the CAM (Confusion Assessment Method) can be used.
答え
A · Hypoactive delirium
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Fistulas between the bowel and other organs
これが答えになる理由
Transmural inflammation in Crohn's disease can create fistulas, abscesses and strictures. Ulcerative colitis is mucosal, and removing the colon and rectum is curative.
答え
C · Fistulas between the bowel and other organs
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · As a healing category 4 pressure ulcer
これが答えになる理由
Pressure ulcers are not "reverse staged" because granulation tissue does not replace the muscle, fat and dermis that were lost. The wound is described as a healing category 4 ulcer.
答え
D · As a healing category 4 pressure ulcer
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Infection risk rises the longer the membranes are ruptured
これが答えになる理由
Once the membranes are ruptured, organisms can ascend into the uterus, and the risk of intra-amniotic infection rises with time. The nurse records the time with the colour, odour and amount of fluid (COAT) and monitors temperature and fetal heart rate.
答え
D · Infection risk rises the longer the membranes are ruptured
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Slip the loop over the head or let the body deliver through it
これが答えになる理由
A loose nuchal cord can usually be slipped over the head or the baby can be born through it (somersault manoeuvre). Clamping and cutting before birth is reserved for a tight cord that prevents delivery.
答え
D · Slip the loop over the head or let the body deliver through it
21.小児看護
答え: C · Worsening mood or new suicidal thoughts
これが答えになる理由
Antidepressants may be linked to increased suicidal thinking in some young people, especially early in treatment or after dose changes. Close follow-up, safety planning and involving the family are advised.
答え: A · It can cause sudden withdrawal and seizures
これが答えになる理由
Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine antagonist. In dependent patients, or in mixed overdoses with drugs that lower the seizure threshold, it can trigger acute withdrawal and seizures.
答え
A · It can cause sudden withdrawal and seizures
24.精神看護
答え: D · Schizotypal personality disorder
これが答えになる理由
Schizotypal personality disorder involves odd beliefs, magical thinking, eccentric behaviour and social anxiety. It lies on the schizophrenia spectrum, but without the sustained psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia.
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 16/min → 0
SpO₂ 96% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 150 mmHg → 0
HR 70/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 38.1 °C → 1
足す
NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 1
答え
NEWS2 = 1
34.臨床アセスメントスコア
答え: 中
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 12/min → 0
SpO₂ 86% → 3
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 222 mmHg → 3
HR 88/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 38.0 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 3 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 6
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
中
答え
中
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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