While being helped to eat, a patient with dysphagia coughs and their voice sounds wet and gurgly. What should the nurse do?
ALie the patient flat to rest
BGive a drink of water to wash the food down
CFeed more quickly so the meal is finished before they tire
DStop feeding and report for a swallowing assessment
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
Two days after surgery a patient has a temperature of 37.9 °C and reduced breath sounds at the lung bases. What is the most helpful nursing action, alongside reporting it?
AEncourage deep breathing, coughing and getting out of bed
BKeep the patient lying flat in bed so they can rest and save energy
CRestrict all fluids to dry the secretions
DStop all pain relief so the patient stays alert
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
非滅菌の台の上に置いた滅菌ドレープに、滅菌生理食塩水がこぼれました。これは何を意味しますか?
A乾けば滅菌野は再び滅菌になる
B濡れた部分だけが汚染されているので、乾いた部分に物を移せばよい
C生理食塩水は滅菌なので、滅菌野は滅菌のままである
D水分がドレープを通して微生物を運ぶことがあるため、滅菌野は汚染された
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse cannot find a confused patient who was in their room 15 minutes ago. What should the nurse do first?
AWait an hour in case the patient comes back
BDocument the absence at the end of the shift
CCall the family to ask whether the patient has gone home on their own
DAlert staff and security at once, following the missing-patient procedure
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
Which patient on an addiction unit should the nurse see first?
ALast drink this morning; asking when lunch will arrive
BLast drink one week ago; asking about support groups
CIn recovery for a year; came to the clinic today for a routine check and a repeat prescription
DLast drink two days ago; now shaking, sweating, heart rate 124/min and seeing insects
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient with a head injury has a pupil on one side that is now large and does not react to light. What should the nurse do?
AReport it at once, as it may mean the brain is being compressed
BRecheck it at the next routine observation in four hours
CDim the room lights so the pupil can get smaller
DDocument it, because pupils often differ slightly after a head injury
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient is receiving IV fluids for several days. Which monitoring is essential?
AWeekly temperature and a single blood glucose reading
BMonthly HbA1c
CPeak flow readings
DFluid balance, regular weights and urea, creatinine and electrolytes
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with myasthenia gravis develops increasing difficulty swallowing and weak, shallow breathing. What is the main danger?
A patient on warfarin with an INR of 3.6 fell and hit their head an hour ago. They now report a worsening headache and drowsiness. What is the priority?
AGive acetaminophen (paracetamol) and recheck the INR tomorrow
BEncourage rest in a dark room to settle the pain
CReport urgently for imaging and possible reversal
DHold warfarin for one dose and observe at home
11.薬理学ふつう
Why should NSAIDs be used with caution in some people with asthma?
AThey block the anti-inflammatory effect of inhaled corticosteroids
BThey cause mucus plugs by drying the airways
CThey can trigger bronchospasm in aspirin-sensitive asthma
A patient taking ramipril and indapamide for hypertension starts regular ibuprofen for back pain. A week later, creatinine has risen sharply. What is the most likely cause?
AAn ACE inhibitor, diuretic and NSAID together reducing kidney perfusion
BBack pain causing kidney damage
CAn allergic reaction to the diuretic causing inflammation of the kidney
DIbuprofen raising the blood pressure to levels that damage the kidneys
An older man was found on the floor after lying there for many hours. His urine is dark brown, and his creatine kinase is very high. What is the main kidney risk and the key treatment?
AA kidney stone, treated with strong pain relief
BAKI from rhabdomyolysis, treated with generous IV fluids
CHypothermia, treated with a fluid restriction
DA urinary infection, treated with oral antibiotics only
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which liver function test pattern suggests bile duct obstruction?
AVery high ALT with a normal bilirubin only
BHigh bilirubin with a markedly raised ALP and GGT
CNormal bilirubin with a low ALP and low GGT
DA low albumin with all other results normal
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A bag of parenteral nutrition runs out and the next one will not arrive for several hours. Which risk should the nurse anticipate?
ARaised intracranial pressure
BAcute urinary retention
CRebound hypoglycaemia
DSevere hyperkalaemia
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman at 28 weeks asks why her heart rate is higher than before pregnancy. Which response is accurate?
AThe heart rate rises because blood pressure is much higher in pregnancy
BA rise of about 10 to 15 beats per minute is normal in pregnancy
CHeart rate normally falls in pregnancy, so this needs urgent review
DA higher heart rate in pregnancy always points to heart disease
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman 5 hours after birth had a large blood loss and now has a heart rate of 128/min, blood pressure of 88/50 mmHg and cold hands. Which action is most important?
AEncourage her to breastfeed to contract the uterus
BAsk her to walk to improve circulation
CGive her a hot drink and recheck in an hour
DCall for urgent help and start fluid resuscitation
21.小児看護ふつう
How are feeds usually restarted after a pyloromyotomy for pyloric stenosis?
AWithin hours, increasing gradually as per protocol; some vomiting can be expected
BNot until 10 days after surgery, when the wound has healed
COnly by nasogastric tube for the first month at home
DWith large, full-volume feeds straight away to make up for the weight lost
22.小児看護むずかしい
Which finding at a 6-month check most needs referral?
AThe baby puts every toy and object into the mouth
答え: D · Stop feeding and report for a swallowing assessment
これが答えになる理由
Coughing, choking and a wet voice during meals suggest food or drink is entering the airway. Feeding stops, the patient sits upright and a speech and language therapist assesses them.
答え
D · Stop feeding and report for a swallowing assessment
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and getting out of bed
これが答えになる理由
These signs suggest atelectasis or early chest infection. Deep breathing, coughing, adequate pain relief and mobilisation help re-expand the lungs.
答え
A · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and getting out of bed
答え: D · Alert staff and security at once, following the missing-patient procedure
これが答えになる理由
A missing vulnerable patient is an emergency. The nurse immediately activates the facility’s missing-patient procedure so a search starts, and the provider and family are informed per policy.
答え
D · Alert staff and security at once, following the missing-patient procedure
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Last drink two days ago; now shaking, sweating, heart rate 124/min and seeing insects
これが答えになる理由
Hallucinations, tremor, sweating and tachycardia two to three days after the last drink suggest severe withdrawal and possible delirium tremens, which can be fatal. This patient needs prompt assessment and treatment.
答え
D · Last drink two days ago; now shaking, sweating, heart rate 124/min and seeing insects
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Report it at once, as it may mean the brain is being compressed
これが答えになる理由
A newly fixed, dilated pupil suggests pressure on the third cranial nerve from rising intracranial pressure or a bleed. It is a neurological emergency that needs immediate escalation.
答え
A · Report it at once, as it may mean the brain is being compressed
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Fluid balance, regular weights and urea, creatinine and electrolytes
これが答えになる理由
IV fluids can cause overload or electrolyte imbalance. Fluid balance charts, weight, clinical assessment and blood tests guide the prescription.
答え
D · Fluid balance, regular weights and urea, creatinine and electrolytes
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Respiratory failure from a myasthenic crisis
これが答えになる理由
In a myasthenic crisis, weakness of respiratory and bulbar muscles can cause aspiration and respiratory failure. Breathing function is monitored closely and ventilation may be needed.
答え: C · Report urgently for imaging and possible reversal
これが答えになる理由
A head injury in an anticoagulated patient, with worsening headache and drowsiness, suggests intracranial bleeding. The provider is told at once, neurological checks are done often, urgent imaging is arranged, and warfarin reversal (vitamin K and a prothrombin complex concentrate) may be prescribed.確認に用いた資料:Taking warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven) - what to ask your doctor · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
C · Report urgently for imaging and possible reversal
11.薬理学
答え: C · They can trigger bronchospasm in aspirin-sensitive asthma
これが答えになる理由
In aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, COX inhibition increases leukotriene production, causing bronchospasm. These patients should avoid aspirin and other non-selective NSAIDs.
答え
C · They can trigger bronchospasm in aspirin-sensitive asthma
答え: A · An ACE inhibitor, diuretic and NSAID together reducing kidney perfusion
これが答えになる理由
NSAIDs constrict the afferent arteriole, ACE inhibitors dilate the efferent arteriole and diuretics reduce volume. Together (sometimes called the "triple whammy") they can cause acute kidney injury. The NSAID is stopped, and the prescriber reviews the other drugs.
答え
A · An ACE inhibitor, diuretic and NSAID together reducing kidney perfusion
答え: B · AKI from rhabdomyolysis, treated with generous IV fluids
これが答えになる理由
Prolonged pressure damages muscle (rhabdomyolysis), releasing myoglobin, which is toxic to the tubules, as well as potassium. Early, generous IV fluids with close monitoring of urine output, potassium and creatinine help protect the kidneys.
答え
B · AKI from rhabdomyolysis, treated with generous IV fluids
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · High bilirubin with a markedly raised ALP and GGT
これが答えになる理由
Cholestasis raises alkaline phosphatase and gamma-GT, with conjugated bilirubin. Hepatocellular injury, such as hepatitis, mainly raises ALT and AST.
答え
B · High bilirubin with a markedly raised ALP and GGT
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Rebound hypoglycaemia
これが答えになる理由
Stopping PN suddenly can cause hypoglycaemia because insulin levels stay high for a while. Glucose is monitored, and a glucose infusion may be given according to local policy.
答え
C · Rebound hypoglycaemia
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · A rise of about 10 to 15 beats per minute is normal in pregnancy
これが答えになる理由
Blood volume and cardiac output rise in pregnancy, and the resting heart rate typically increases by 10 to 15 beats per minute. Blood pressure usually falls slightly in the second trimester.
答え
B · A rise of about 10 to 15 beats per minute is normal in pregnancy
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Call for urgent help and start fluid resuscitation
これが答えになる理由
Tachycardia, hypotension and cool peripheries indicate hypovolaemic shock. Help is called, IV access secured, fluids and blood given as prescribed, and the cause of bleeding treated.
答え
D · Call for urgent help and start fluid resuscitation
21.小児看護
答え: A · Within hours, increasing gradually as per protocol; some vomiting can be expected
これが答えになる理由
After pyloromyotomy, feeding normally restarts within hours and is increased to full feeds as tolerated. Mild vomiting in the first day is common; the nurse monitors intake, weight and the wound.
答え
A · Within hours, increasing gradually as per protocol; some vomiting can be expected
22.小児看護
答え: C · The baby does not turn towards sounds or voices
これが答えになる理由
Not responding to sounds at 6 months may signal hearing loss and needs referral. Crawling usually starts at about 8–10 months, and mouthing objects and wariness of strangers are normal at this age.
答え
C · The baby does not turn towards sounds or voices
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 26/min → 3
SpO₂ 89% → 3
酸素投与中 → 2
SBP 92 mmHg → 2
HR 58/min → 0
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 38.1 °C → 1
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 3 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 11
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
高
答え
高
合計5点以上では、緊急の臨床対応が必要です。
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