Which IV fluid can be given through the same line as a red cell transfusion?
A0.9% sodium chloride
BLactated Ringer's (Hartmann's) solution
C5% dextrose in water
D0.45% sodium chloride
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has fever, chills, flank pain and costovertebral angle tenderness. Urinalysis shows many white cells and white cell casts. Which condition is most likely?
ANephrotic syndrome
BGlomerulonephritis
CAcute pyelonephritis
DSimple cystitis
11.薬理学ふつう
Why is hypovolaemia corrected with IV fluids before or while starting a vasopressor?
AVasopressors only work when they are diluted in large fluid volumes
BFluids stop the vasopressor causing a fever
CVasopressors cause the patient to retain too much fluid
DVasopressors cannot keep perfusion up if the circulation is under-filled
12.薬理学むずかしい
Why is adenosine used with caution in patients with asthma?
A 74-year-old man with a known abdominal aortic aneurysm suddenly has severe back and abdominal pain. His heart rate is 128/min and BP 82/50 mmHg. What is the priority?
AGive oral analgesia and reassess the pain in an hour
BEncourage him to walk to ease the back pain
CArrange a routine outpatient ultrasound scan of the aneurysm
DCall for emergency help and prepare for urgent vascular surgery
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 500 mL のバッグを 09:15 に開始し、ポンプで 50 mL/h で投与しています。13:45 の時点でバッグには何 mL V 残っていますか?
500 mL50 mL/h09:15 → 13:45
V = mL
33.臨床アセスメントスコアふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の脈拍は 135/分、血圧は 117/70 mmHg です。ショック指数 SI = HR/SBP を求めてください。小数第2位に丸めてください。
HR 135/minBP 117/70 mmHg
SI =
34.臨床アセスメントスコアむずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある成人の体重は 72 kg、身長は 173 cm です。BMI を計算し、WHO の体重区分をクリックしてください。
72 kg173 cm
1低体重(やせ)
2普通体重
3過体重
4肥満クラスI
5肥満クラスII
6肥満クラスIII
3溶液
1.基礎看護学
答え: D · Measure the legs to get the right size and check for arterial disease
これが答えになる理由
Wrong-sized stockings can cause skin damage or a tourniquet effect. They are not used in significant peripheral arterial disease, and the skin is checked daily.
答え
D · Measure the legs to get the right size and check for arterial disease
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · The patient has COPD and was admitted two days ago with pneumonia
これが答えになる理由
SBAR is Situation (why you are calling), Background (relevant history), Assessment (your findings) and Recommendation (what you need). Clear structure speeds up the response.
答え
A · The patient has COPD and was admitted two days ago with pneumonia
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Whether the patient has any metal implants or devices, such as a pacemaker
これが答えになる理由
The MRI magnet can move or heat metal objects and can stop some implanted devices from working. Patients are screened for implants, pacemakers, metal fragments and metal items such as jewelry before entering the scanner room.
答え
C · Whether the patient has any metal implants or devices, such as a pacemaker
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · 1,400/mm3
これが答えになる理由
ANC = 4,000 × (0.30 + 0.05) = 1,400/mm3. This is below normal (neutropenia), so the patient has a raised risk of infection.
答え: B · Standard precautions, because it does not usually spread from person to person
これが答えになる理由
Inhalational anthrax is not spread from person to person, so standard precautions are used. Contact precautions may be added for skin (cutaneous) anthrax with draining lesions.
答え
B · Standard precautions, because it does not usually spread from person to person
Only 0.9% sodium chloride is used with red cells. Dextrose solutions can cause hemolysis, and lactated Ringer's contains calcium, which can cause clotting in the citrated blood. Drugs are never added to blood products.
答え
A · 0.9% sodium chloride
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Acute pyelonephritis
これが答えになる理由
White cell casts show that the inflammation is in the kidney itself, not just the bladder. With fever and flank pain this indicates pyelonephritis. Glomerulonephritis typically causes red cell casts, and nephrotic syndrome causes heavy protein loss.確認に用いた資料:Urinary casts · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Glomerulonephritis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
C · Acute pyelonephritis
11.薬理学
答え: D · Vasopressors cannot keep perfusion up if the circulation is under-filled
これが答えになる理由
Vasoconstriction without adequate volume reduces organ blood flow and can cause ischaemia. Fluid resuscitation restores preload, and vasopressors are then used for persistent hypotension.
答え
D · Vasopressors cannot keep perfusion up if the circulation is under-filled
12.薬理学
答え: B · It can cause bronchospasm
これが答えになる理由
Adenosine can trigger bronchospasm in people with asthma or COPD. Other treatment options, such as verapamil, may be chosen.
答え: D · Call for emergency help and prepare for urgent vascular surgery
これが答えになる理由
Sudden abdominal or back pain with hypotension in a patient with an AAA suggests rupture, which is often fatal without urgent repair. The team is called at once, large-bore IV access and blood are arranged, and the patient goes to theatre. Fluid may be limited so the blood pressure is not pushed high (permissive hypotension), as directed by the team.
答え
D · Call for emergency help and prepare for urgent vascular surgery
答え: D · Withdrawal occurs if the drug is stopped suddenly
これが答えになる理由
Physical dependence is a predictable adaptation to regular opioids, causing withdrawal if they stop suddenly, so doses are tapered. Addiction is a behavioural condition with craving, loss of control and continued use despite harm.
答え
D · Withdrawal occurs if the drug is stopped suddenly
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Deceptive placebos are unethical and do not show pain is "fake"
これが答えになる理由
A placebo response does not mean pain is not real, and giving placebos without consent is deceptive and damages trust. Pain is assessed with the patient and treated according to the plan.
答え
D · Deceptive placebos are unethical and do not show pain is "fake"
答え: C · Usually not; the child was most infectious before the rash appeared
これが答えになる理由
In fifth disease the child is most infectious during the mild illness before the rash. By the time the rash appears, the child is usually no longer infectious and does not need to be kept off school.
答え
C · Usually not; the child was most infectious before the rash appeared
23.精神看護
答え: B · Treat the wounds in a calm, matter-of-fact way and assess her current risk and feelings
これが答えになる理由
Wounds need care, and self-harm requires risk assessment. A calm, non-judgemental response avoids both punishment and unintended reinforcement, and helps the patient explore triggers and safer coping.
答え
B · Treat the wounds in a calm, matter-of-fact way and assess her current risk and feelings
24.精神看護
答え: A · Store it securely and never share it, because stimulants are controlled drugs
これが答えになる理由
Stimulants can be diverted and misused for studying or recreation. They are controlled drugs, so secure storage, monitoring the number of tablets and not sharing them are important.
答え
A · Store it securely and never share it, because stimulants are controlled drugs
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: h = 203 cm
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
インチでの身長
6·12 + 8 = 80 in
インチからセンチメートルへ
h = 80·2.54 = 203.2 ≈ 203 cm
答え
h = 203 cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 510 mL
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
各項目(mL)
3 tsp = 3·5 = 15 mL
2 カップ = 2·240 = 480 mL
1 tbsp = 1·15 = 15 mL
足す
V = 15 + 480 + 15 = 510 mL
答え
V = 510 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: m = 100 mg
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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