How is the height of an epidural sensory block usually checked?
ATapping the knee with a reflex hammer and recording the score
BChecking the colour of the patient's urine
CMeasuring the patient's blood glucose level
DTesting sensation to cold with ice or a cold spray
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A few hours after an ERCP, a patient has severe epigastric pain radiating to the back, with vomiting. Which complication is most likely?
ABiliary colic from a new stone
BPost-ERCP pancreatitis
CAcute appendicitis
DHepatitis B infection
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Misoprostol is given for postpartum haemorrhage. Which side effect is common?
ASevere hypertension
BShivering and fever
CBradycardia and hypoglycaemia
DBronchospasm in all patients
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A term newborn has rapid breathing at 2 hours after a caesarean without labour. Saturation is normal, there is no fever and the chest X-ray shows fluid in the fissures. What is the most likely diagnosis?
ATransient tachypnoea of the newborn
BRespiratory distress syndrome of prematurity
CNeonatal pneumonia with sepsis
DMeconium aspiration syndrome
21.小児看護ふつう
Why do young children with sickle cell disease usually take daily penicillin?
ASickle cells make the child allergic to most other antibiotics
BPoor spleen function puts them at high risk of pneumococcal infection
CPenicillin prevents pain crises in cold weather
DPenicillin stops red cells from changing shape
22.小児看護むずかしい
A toddler has burns on both feet and the buttocks, with sharp "stocking" lines and no splash marks. What should the nurse consider?
ASunburn from playing outside in a paddling pool on a hot day
BAn accidental spill from a cup of tea
CPossible deliberate immersion; follow the safeguarding procedure
DA skin infection that looks like a burn
23.精神看護ふつう
ジスルフィラムを服用している患者には、何を指導すべきですか?
Aアルコールを飲んだときにだけ効くので、毎日少量のワインが必要である
B少量のビールは安全である
C一部の洗口液やソースなどに隠れたものも含め、すべてのアルコールを避ける
D1 回の服用でアルコール依存症が治る
24.精神看護むずかしい
A colleague suggests putting a loud but non-violent patient in seclusion "because he's annoying everyone". What is the correct response?
AIt is acceptable, because it will make the ward quieter and safer for the other patients
BIt would be inappropriate, because seclusion is only a last resort for serious risk of harm
CIt is acceptable as long as the patient agrees afterwards
DIt is acceptable as long as the seclusion lasts for less than an hour
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の体温は 39.3 °C です。°F = °C × 9/5 + 32 を使って華氏 T に換算してください。小数第1位に丸めてください。
39.3 °C
T = °F
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者が1勤務帯の間に 2½ tsp / 咳止めシロップ, 1½ tbsp / 液体サプリメント, 4 fl oz / ジュース を摂取しました。与えられた換算値を使って、経口摂取量の合計 V を mL で求めてください。
1 tsp = 5 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL
V = mL
27.投与量の計算ふつう
患者の体重は 25 kg です。指示量は 1 日 5 mg/kg で、4 回に等分して投与します。1 回あたり何 mg D 投与しますか?
25 kg5 mg/kg/日4× 1 日あたり
D = mg
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
体重 28 kg の子どもに、5 mL 中に 100 mg を含む経口懸濁液が一回 20 mg/kg で処方されています。与える量 V はいくらですか?
28 kg20 mg/kg100 mg/5 mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
15 滴/mL の輸液セットで 250 mL を 5 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。 最も近い整数に丸めてください。
250 mL5 h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
点滴が 60 滴/mL のセットで 25 滴/分で落ちています。バッグには 400 mL 残っています。あと何時間 t で空になりますか?
25 gtt/min60 gtt/mL400 mL
t = h
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。患者の体重は 101 kg です。平均尿量 U を mL/kg/h で求めてください。 小数第 2 位まで四捨五入してください。
101 kg8 h尿: 425 mL尿: 150 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.輸液と水分出納むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 500 mL の輸液を 11:00 に 125 mL/h で開始します。2 時間後に流量を 100 mL/h に変更し、その後は変更しません。開始から何時間後 t にバッグは空になりますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
答え: D · It can be misread as QID or QOD, so the drug is given too often or too rarely
これが答えになる理由
“QD” and “QOD” can be confused with each other and with “QID”, leading to serious dosing errors. The word “daily” or “every other day” is written in full instead.
答え
D · It can be misread as QID or QOD, so the drug is given too often or too rarely
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Immunity from hepatitis B vaccination
これが答えになる理由
The vaccine contains surface antigen, so it produces anti-HBs only. A negative anti-HBc shows there has been no natural infection, and a negative HBsAg rules out current infection.
答え
D · Immunity from hepatitis B vaccination
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Check for signs of low calcium and inform the provider
これが答えになる理由
Damage to the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery can cause hypocalcemia. Tingling, muscle cramps and a positive Chvostek or Trousseau sign need prompt reporting and calcium replacement as prescribed.
答え
B · Check for signs of low calcium and inform the provider
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Treat for hypoglycemia with fast-acting oral carbohydrate
これが答えになる理由
When in doubt, treat as hypoglycemia. A little sugar will not harm a patient with high glucose, but untreated hypoglycemia can cause brain injury within minutes, and insulin could be fatal.
答え
B · Treat for hypoglycemia with fast-acting oral carbohydrate
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen
これが答えになる理由
NSAIDs increase the risk of GI bleeding and can trigger kidney failure and fluid retention in cirrhosis. Paracetamol is usually preferred at a lower, carefully chosen dose.
答え
A · Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen
Oral iron commonly darkens the stools, which is harmless, but black tarry stools with abdominal pain should be reported. Milk, antacids and tea reduce absorption; vitamin C or orange juice can improve it.確認に用いた資料:Ferrograd C patient information leaflet (ferrous sulfate + vitamin C) · electronic medicines compendium (eMC), UK (2018)
答え
C · Your stools may turn dark green or black
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)
これが答えになる理由
Hemophilia A is an X-linked lack of factor VIII, which belongs to the intrinsic pathway, so only the aPTT is prolonged. Bleeding into joints and muscles is typical. Vitamin K deficiency and DIC prolong the PT as well, and ITP lowers the platelets.確認に用いた資料:Hemophilia A · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH)
答え
A · Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)
11.薬理学
答え: A · Naloxone may wear off before the opioid does, so breathing can slow again
これが答えになる理由
Naloxone acts for a shorter time than many opioids, especially long-acting and slow-release ones. Repeated doses or an infusion may be needed.
答え
A · Naloxone may wear off before the opioid does, so breathing can slow again
12.薬理学
答え: B · Oral morphine has a large first-pass effect, so less reaches the blood
これが答えになる理由
Much of an oral morphine dose is metabolised by the liver before reaching the systemic circulation. Equianalgesic tables are used, so the IV dose is a fraction of the oral dose.
答え
B · Oral morphine has a large first-pass effect, so less reaches the blood
Magnesium and aluminium are excreted by the kidneys and can accumulate in kidney failure. Patients with CKD should check with a pharmacist before using over-the-counter remedies, including laxatives and NSAIDs.
答え: D · Testing sensation to cold with ice or a cold spray
これが答えになる理由
The level at which the patient no longer feels cold shows the upper extent of the sensory block. Motor block is assessed with a scale such as Bromage. A rising block or new weakness is reported.
答え
D · Testing sensation to cold with ice or a cold spray
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Post-ERCP pancreatitis
これが答えになる理由
Pancreatitis is the most common serious complication of ERCP. Severe epigastric pain radiating to the back with raised amylase or lipase suggests it; management includes analgesia, IV fluids and close monitoring.
答え
B · Post-ERCP pancreatitis
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Shivering and fever
これが答えになる理由
Misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 analogue, commonly causes shivering and a raised temperature, as well as nausea and diarrhoea. It is useful where other uterotonics are not available.
答え
B · Shivering and fever
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Transient tachypnoea of the newborn
これが答えになる理由
Transient tachypnoea is common after caesarean birth without labour. Supportive care is usually enough, but infection must be considered if the baby becomes unwell or fails to improve.
答え
A · Transient tachypnoea of the newborn
21.小児看護
答え: B · Poor spleen function puts them at high risk of pneumococcal infection
これが答えになる理由
Repeated sickling damages the spleen early in life, making children vulnerable to encapsulated bacteria such as pneumococcus. Daily penicillin prophylaxis and full vaccination greatly reduce the risk of life-threatening infection.
答え
B · Poor spleen function puts them at high risk of pneumococcal infection
22.小児看護
答え: C · Possible deliberate immersion; follow the safeguarding procedure
これが答えになる理由
Symmetrical burns with clear edges on the feet, hands or buttocks, without splash marks, suggest forced immersion in hot water. The nurse documents the findings accurately and follows local safeguarding procedures.
答え
C · Possible deliberate immersion; follow the safeguarding procedure
答え: B · It would be inappropriate, because seclusion is only a last resort for serious risk of harm
これが答えになる理由
Seclusion is a restrictive intervention used only to contain severe behaviour likely to cause harm to others, as a last resort, for the shortest time. Using it for convenience or punishment breaches patients' rights.
答え
B · It would be inappropriate, because seclusion is only a last resort for serious risk of harm
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 102.7 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
9/5を掛ける
39.3·9/5 = 70.74
32を足す
T = 70.74 + 32 = 102.7 °F
答え
T = 102.7 °F
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 155 mL
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
各項目(mL)
2½ tsp = 2.5·5 = 12.5 mL
1½ tbsp = 1.5·15 = 22.5 mL
4 fl oz = 4·30 = 120 mL
足す
V = 12.5 + 22.5 + 120 = 155 mL
答え
V = 155 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 31.25 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
5·25 = 125 mg
1 回あたり
D = 125/4 = 31.25 mg
答え
D = 31.25 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 28 mL
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 16/min → 0
SpO₂ 96% → 0
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 124 mmHg → 0
HR 132/min → 3
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 35.5 °C → 1
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 1 = 4
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
低~中
答え
低~中
単独で3点がある場合は、合計が低くても緊急の診察が必要です。
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