A patient with ongoing hemolytic anemia has an HbA1c of 4.6%, but home glucose readings are often 180–220 mg/dL (10–12 mmol/L). What best explains the gap?
AThe home glucose meter is reading falsely high
BThe patient has true, well-controlled diabetes
CShort red cell life span lowers the HbA1c falsely
DHemolysis makes the HbA1c test read too high
11.薬理学ふつう
A child is starting methylphenidate for ADHD. Which advice is appropriate?
AGive the drug only at weekends
BGive doses early in the day and monitor appetite and growth
CExpect weight gain as the main side effect
DGive the last dose at bedtime to help the child sleep
12.薬理学むずかしい
A woman with chronic hypertension who takes lisinopril is now pregnant. What is the key concern?
AAll antihypertensives must be stopped in pregnancy
BACE inhibitors harm fetal kidneys, so a safer drug is used
CLisinopril has no known fetal effects and should be continued
DLisinopril works better in pregnancy, so the dose should be increased
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
動脈性の下腿潰瘍を最もよく表す特徴はどれですか?
A足の母趾球の下にできる、痛みのない潰瘍で、周囲に厚いたこがある
B足の指にできる、痛みを伴う蒼白な打ち抜き状の潰瘍で、足の脈拍が弱い
C内果の上方にできる、浅く湿った潰瘍で、茶色の皮膚を伴う
Dすねにできる、滲出液の多い潰瘍で、脚に圧痕浮腫を伴う
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
During tracheal suctioning, a patient's heart rate drops from 88/min to 48/min. What should the nurse do?
AContinue suctioning until the airway is completely clear
BIncrease the suction pressure to finish faster
CStop suctioning, give oxygen and monitor the patient
DGive a dose of atropine without a prescription
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
During continuous bladder irrigation, 3200 mL drains out in a shift. 2500 mL of irrigation fluid was put in. What is the true urine output?
A3200 mL
B5700 mL
C700 mL
D2500 mL
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
Two days after an ileal conduit was formed, the stoma is dark purple and dry. What should the nurse do?
AChange the bag and check again next week
BReport it urgently, because the stoma may be ischaemic
CApply a warm compress to improve the colour of the stoma
DRecord it as normal for a new stoma
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which statement about giving medicines through a feeding tube is correct?
AModified-release tablets should not be crushed
BAll tablets can be crushed together and given at once
CMedicines can be added to the bag of feed
DTubes do not need flushing between medicines
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
小腸閉塞の患者の経鼻胃管から1日2 Lが排液されています。最も重要な看護の焦点はどれですか?
A胃液を温存するため、チューブを長時間クランプする
Bチューブが除去する分を補うため、経口の水分を自由に与える
C静注による補充と電解質チェックを伴う、正確な水分出納
D喪失を防ぐため、1 L排液されたらチューブを抜去する
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Which newborn complication is particularly linked to a forceps birth?
AFacial nerve palsy
BUmbilical hernia
CNeonatal jaundice from ABO incompatibility
DHip dysplasia
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman has a postpartum haemorrhage. Which nursing action should be done first while help is coming?
AWeigh the used pads and record the total
BDocument the estimated blood loss in the notes
CGive the baby a bath to free the mother's time
DMassage the fundus and look for the source
21.小児看護ふつう
A 16-year-old starts an SSRI antidepressant. What is especially important to monitor in the first weeks?
AA sudden rise in blood glucose
BA drop in the platelet count
CWorsening mood or new suicidal thoughts
DWeight gain of more than 10 kg in the first month
22.小児看護むずかしい
Which IV fluid is usually used for a fluid bolus in a child with shock?
A10% glucose solution
BAn isotonic crystalloid such as 0.9% sodium chloride
C0.18% sodium chloride with 4% glucose, given quickly
D5% glucose in water, given as fast as possible
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient with PTSD begins to dissociate during a conversation. Which grounding technique can the nurse use?
AAsk her to describe the traumatic event in as much detail as she can
BLeave her alone until the episode has passed on its own
CAsk her to name things she can see, hear and touch in the room right now
DAsk her to close her eyes and think back to the worst moment of the trauma
24.精神看護むずかしい
A nurse teaches a family member how to use a naloxone kit. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"If he doesn't respond, I may need to give a second dose."
B"I'll check his breathing and put him in the recovery position if he is breathing but still not awake."
C"I'll stay with him, because the overdose can come back."
D"Once I've given the naloxone, I don't need to call an ambulance."
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 少量の注射の投与量の計算結果は 0.31581 mL です。 この練習問題のルールは「1 mL未満の容量は、mLの小数第2位に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
0.31581 mL
x = mL
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴は 15 mcg/min を投与します。この投与速度 D を mg/h で表してください。
15 mcg/min1 h = 60 min1 mg = 1000 mcg
D = mg/h
27.投与量の計算ふつう
患者の体重は 12 kg で、1 回量として 7.5 mg/kg が指示されています。投与量 D を mg で求めなさい。
12 kg7.5 mg/kg
D = mg
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
処方は 4400 単位で、薬は 5000 単位/mL で供給されます。1 mL の注射器に用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
4400 units5000 units/mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
10 滴/mL の輸液セットで 500 mL を 3 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。 最も近い整数に丸めてください。
500 mL3 h10 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
点滴が 15 滴/mL のセットで 40 滴/分で落ちています。バッグには 750 mL 残っています。あと何時間 t で空になりますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
40 gtt/min15 gtt/mL750 mL
t = h
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。総摂取量 I を mL で求めてください。
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある成人の体重は 117 kg、身長は 174 cm です。BMI を計算し、WHO の体重区分をクリックしてください。
117 kg174 cm
1低体重(やせ)
2普通体重
3過体重
4肥満クラスI
5肥満クラスII
6肥満クラスIII
3溶液
1.基礎看護学
答え: D · Their sense of thirst is often reduced
これが答えになる理由
Ageing blunts thirst and reduces body water and the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine. Older patients often need to be offered and helped with drinks.
答え
D · Their sense of thirst is often reduced
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Ask the team whether the observations can safely be done less often
これが答えになる理由
Lack of sleep can contribute to delirium. If the patient's scores are stable, the frequency of observations can be reviewed by the team so care is safe but less disruptive.
答え
A · Ask the team whether the observations can safely be done less often
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Two pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
これが答えになる理由
Hazardous drugs can be absorbed through the skin or inhaled. Staff wear double chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable, low-permeability gown, with eye and face protection if splashing is possible.
答え
B · Two pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
答え: D · Poor ventilation causing carbon dioxide to build up
これが答えになる理由
A low pH with a high PaCO₂ and normal bicarbonate is respiratory acidosis. The patient is not breathing out enough carbon dioxide, so the priority is to support ventilation and escalate.
答え
D · Poor ventilation causing carbon dioxide to build up
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Restlessness and a rising heart rate while the blood pressure is still normal
これが答えになる理由
In early shock, the body keeps the blood pressure up by raising the heart rate and narrowing vessels, so restlessness and tachycardia appear first. A falling blood pressure is a later sign.
答え
A · Restlessness and a rising heart rate while the blood pressure is still normal
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Category 4
これが答えになる理由
Category 4 involves full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. Category 3 is full-thickness skin loss without exposed bone or tendon. US (NPIAP) terminology calls these stages rather than categories.
アルブミンは、血管内に水分を保つ膠質浸透圧の大部分をもたらします。低下すると、水分が組織や腹部に漏れ出し、肝硬変では門脈圧亢進とともに、浮腫と腹水を起こします。確認に用いた資料:Albumin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
B · 浮腫と腹水
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Short red cell life span lowers the HbA1c falsely
これが答えになる理由
HbA1c reflects glucose attached to hemoglobin over the red cell life span. In hemolysis, red cells are younger and have less time to bind glucose, so HbA1c is falsely low. Glucose monitoring or other markers are used instead.確認に用いた資料:The A1C Test & Diabetes · NIDDK (NIH) (2018); Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
C · Short red cell life span lowers the HbA1c falsely
11.薬理学
答え: B · Give doses early in the day and monitor appetite and growth
これが答えになる理由
Stimulants can cause insomnia, so doses are given in the morning and early afternoon. Reduced appetite can slow growth, so height and weight are tracked.
答え
B · Give doses early in the day and monitor appetite and growth
12.薬理学
答え: B · ACE inhibitors harm fetal kidneys, so a safer drug is used
これが答えになる理由
ACE inhibitors and ARBs cause fetal kidney damage, oligohydramnios and other problems, especially later in pregnancy. Drugs such as labetalol, nifedipine or methyldopa are used instead.
答え
B · ACE inhibitors harm fetal kidneys, so a safer drug is used
答え: C · Stop suctioning, give oxygen and monitor the patient
これが答えになる理由
Suctioning can cause hypoxaemia and vagal stimulation, leading to bradycardia and arrhythmias. The nurse stops, gives oxygen and observes. Each pass should be short (usually no more than about 10–15 seconds), with pre-oxygenation if needed.
答え
C · Stop suctioning, give oxygen and monitor the patient
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · 700 mL
これが答えになる理由
True urine output equals total drainage minus irrigation volume: 3200 − 2500 = 700 mL. If drainage is less than the irrigant volume, the catheter may be blocked and fluid is being retained.
答え
C · 700 mL
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Report it urgently, because the stoma may be ischaemic
これが答えになる理由
A dusky, purple or black stoma suggests poor blood supply and possible necrosis. It needs urgent surgical review. A healthy stoma is moist and pink to red, and some swelling is normal at first.
答え
B · Report it urgently, because the stoma may be ischaemic
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Modified-release tablets should not be crushed
これが答えになる理由
Crushing modified-release or enteric-coated tablets can cause toxicity or loss of effect. Liquid forms are preferred; each medicine is given separately with flushes, and a pharmacist advises.
答え
A · Modified-release tablets should not be crushed
Pressure from forceps blades on the facial nerve can cause temporary facial palsy, with asymmetry when the baby cries. It usually resolves within weeks.
答え
A · Facial nerve palsy
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Massage the fundus and look for the source
これが答えになる理由
The first priority is to stop the bleeding: massage a boggy fundus, check for tears, empty the bladder and give uterotonics per protocol. Weighing pads gives a more accurate blood loss but comes after life-saving actions.
答え
D · Massage the fundus and look for the source
21.小児看護
答え: C · Worsening mood or new suicidal thoughts
これが答えになる理由
Antidepressants may be linked to increased suicidal thinking in some young people, especially early in treatment or after dose changes. Close follow-up, safety planning and involving the family are advised.
答え
C · Worsening mood or new suicidal thoughts
22.小児看護
答え: B · An isotonic crystalloid such as 0.9% sodium chloride
これが答えになる理由
Isotonic crystalloids such as 0.9% sodium chloride or balanced solutions are used for boluses because they expand intravascular volume. Hypotonic fluids such as 5% glucose move into cells and can cause hyponatraemia and brain swelling.
答え
B · An isotonic crystalloid such as 0.9% sodium chloride
23.精神看護
答え: C · Ask her to name things she can see, hear and touch in the room right now
これが答えになる理由
Grounding techniques use the senses to bring the person back to the here and now. Asking for details of the trauma during dissociation can deepen distress.
答え
C · Ask her to name things she can see, hear and touch in the room right now
24.精神看護
答え: D · "Once I've given the naloxone, I don't need to call an ambulance."
これが答えになる理由
Naloxone is short-acting, so the opioid effect can return. Emergency services must always be called, and the person must be watched until help arrives.
答え
D · "Once I've given the naloxone, I don't need to call an ambulance."
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