CLow hemoglobin, high reticulocytes, high unconjugated bilirubin, high LDH
DLow hemoglobin, low platelets, low white cells, low reticulocytes
11.薬理学ふつう
オピオイド中毒に典型的なサインはどれですか?
A高い体温
B速く深い呼吸
Cピンホール状の縮瞳
D大きく散大した瞳孔
12.薬理学むずかしい
ある薬の分布容積が非常に大きい(例:成人で 500 L)。これは何を意味しますか?
A薬がほぼすべて血漿区画にとどまっている
B薬が腎臓から速く排泄される
C薬が組織に多く取り込まれている
D薬を静脈内投与できない
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Which investigation is most often used to confirm a pulmonary embolism?
ACT pulmonary angiography
BAbdominal ultrasound
CPeak flow measurement
DSputum culture
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with rheumatoid arthritis is due to start an anti-TNF biologic drug. Which screening is essential beforehand?
AA peak flow diary for a month
BScreening for latent tuberculosis
CAn exercise ECG test on a treadmill
DA sweat chloride test
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient with a suspected basal skull fracture needs a gastric tube. Which route is preferred?
AThrough the nose with a guidewire
BThrough the nose (nasogastric)
CThrough a fine-bore nasal tube
DThrough the mouth (orogastric)
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
頭蓋内圧亢進のためにマンニトールを投与されている患者で、重要な看護はどれですか?
A治療中は水分出納表を中止する
B尿量、ナトリウム、浸透圧の綿密なモニタリング
C吐き気を減らすため、食事とともに経口で薬を与える
D体内に水分を保つため、カテーテルをクランプする
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which risk is particularly linked with tramadol?
ASerotonin syndrome with some antidepressants, and seizures
BRapid liver failure at normal doses
CHigh blood pressure that needs emergency treatment in most patients
DSevere stomach ulcers in all patients
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient with diabetes has rapidly spreading redness around a small wound, severe pain out of proportion, fever and crackling under the skin. What should the nurse suspect?
AA simple insect bite
BNecrotising fasciitis
CMild contact dermatitis
DA healing venous ulcer
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
At station +2, where is the presenting part?
AAt the level of the ischial spines
B2 cm above the ischial spines
C2 cm below the ischial spines
DFloating above the pelvic inlet
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A pregnant woman tests positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. What should the nurse expect for the newborn?
ANo treatment until the baby is 6 months old
BHepatitis B vaccine within hours of birth, often with immunoglobulin
CFormula feeding only, because breastfeeding is contraindicated
DA caesarean birth to prevent all transmission
21.小児看護ふつう
Which signs suggest meningitis in a young infant?
AA bulging fontanelle, a high-pitched cry, poor feeding and irritability
BA clear runny nose, a mild cough and normal feeding
CNeck stiffness and a positive Kernig's sign, as in older children and adults
Which risk applies when antipsychotics are used in older people with dementia?
AAn increased risk of stroke and death
BA lower risk of falls than with no medicine at all
CA guaranteed cure of the dementia
DImproved memory within a few days
24.精神看護むずかしい
A 6-month-old has a spiral fracture of the arm. The parents say he "rolled off the sofa". The nurse also notices bruises of different colours on his back. What is the most appropriate action?
ATell the parents that the nurse knows they are abusing the child
BReport the concerns through child protection procedures and ensure the child's safety
CAccept the parents' explanation, because babies often fall
DDischarge the child quickly so that the parents do not become angry and stop bringing him for medical care
答え: A · Air flows into the room, so airborne particles do not escape into the corridor
これが答えになる理由
Negative pressure draws air into the room and out through filtered exhaust. It is used for airborne infections such as tuberculosis; positive pressure is used to protect patients with very weak immunity.
答え
A · Air flows into the room, so airborne particles do not escape into the corridor
答え: D · Set it up just before the procedure, because a waiting field may become contaminated
これが答えになる理由
The longer a sterile field is exposed, the more likely it is to be contaminated, and an unattended field cannot be considered sterile. It is prepared just before use.
答え
D · Set it up just before the procedure, because a waiting field may become contaminated
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Explain that they must stay in the room, and offer ways to stay active inside it
これが答えになる理由
Patients on airborne precautions stay in the negative-pressure room with the door closed, leaving only for essential tests while wearing a surgical mask. The nurse explains why and helps the patient cope with confinement.
答え
C · Explain that they must stay in the room, and offer ways to stay active inside it
答え: C · Not witness the consent and inform the surgeon
これが答えになる理由
Valid consent requires a patient who can understand and decide. After a sedative this may not be possible, so the nurse does not witness it and informs the surgeon, who is responsible for obtaining consent.
答え
C · Not witness the consent and inform the surgeon
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · Do not stop them suddenly
これが答えになる理由
Long-term steroids suppress the adrenal glands, so stopping suddenly can cause adrenal crisis. Patients should carry a steroid alert card or medical ID and follow sick-day guidance.
答え
B · Do not stop them suddenly
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · Bacteria can grow in the blood at room temperature
これが答えになる理由
Red cells are stored cold to limit bacterial growth. Once out of controlled storage, the transfusion must be completed within the time limit to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination and transfusion-transmitted infection.
答え
D · Bacteria can grow in the blood at room temperature
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Kidney function (creatinine clearance)
これが答えになる理由
Dabigatran is excreted mainly by the kidneys, so poor kidney function raises the drug level and bleeding risk. Kidney function is checked before starting and regularly afterwards. Routine INR monitoring is not used for direct oral anticoagulants.確認に用いた資料:Dabigatran · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
C · Kidney function (creatinine clearance)
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Low hemoglobin, high reticulocytes, high unconjugated bilirubin, high LDH
これが答えになる理由
When red cells break down early, hemoglobin is turned into unconjugated bilirubin and LDH is released, while the marrow increases reticulocytes. Option B fits iron deficiency, C fits B12 deficiency and D fits marrow failure.確認に用いた資料:Hemolytic anemia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Reticulocyte Count · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Bilirubin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
C · Low hemoglobin, high reticulocytes, high unconjugated bilirubin, high LDH
CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) shows filling defects in the pulmonary arteries. It uses iodinated contrast, so renal function and contrast allergy are checked. A ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative, for example in pregnancy or renal impairment.
答え
A · CT pulmonary angiography
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Screening for latent tuberculosis
これが答えになる理由
TNF-alpha is essential for containing TB in granulomas. Anti-TNF drugs can reactivate latent TB, sometimes as severe disseminated disease. Patients are screened (history, chest X-ray, IGRA) and treated for latent TB before starting.
答え
B · Screening for latent tuberculosis
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Through the mouth (orogastric)
これが答えになる理由
A tube passed through the nose could enter the cranial vault through the fractured skull base. An orogastric route avoids this. Nasal suction and nose blowing are also avoided.
答え: A · Serotonin syndrome with some antidepressants, and seizures
これが答えになる理由
Tramadol is a weak opioid that also inhibits serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake. It can lower the seizure threshold and cause serotonin syndrome with SSRIs and other serotonergic drugs.
答え
A · Serotonin syndrome with some antidepressants, and seizures
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Necrotising fasciitis
これが答えになる理由
Necrotising soft tissue infection spreads rapidly along fascial planes and can cause septic shock. It is a surgical emergency needing urgent debridement, IV antibiotics and sepsis care.
答え
B · Necrotising fasciitis
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · 2 cm below the ischial spines
これが答えになる理由
Station is measured in centimetres relative to the ischial spines. Negative numbers are above them, 0 is at their level and positive numbers are below them, towards the outlet.
答え
C · 2 cm below the ischial spines
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Hepatitis B vaccine within hours of birth, often with immunoglobulin
これが答えになる理由
Babies of HBsAg-positive mothers get a first dose of hepatitis B vaccine soon after birth. In the US, all of them also receive hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) within 12 hours; in the UK, the vaccine is given within 24 hours and HBIG is added when the mother is highly infectious (for example HBeAg-positive or with a high viral load). Breastfeeding is not contraindicated, and the vaccine series is completed later.
答え
B · Hepatitis B vaccine within hours of birth, often with immunoglobulin
21.小児看護
答え: A · A bulging fontanelle, a high-pitched cry, poor feeding and irritability
これが答えになる理由
Young infants with meningitis may have non-specific signs: fever or low temperature, poor feeding, lethargy or irritability, a high-pitched cry and a bulging fontanelle. Neck stiffness is often absent at this age.
答え
A · A bulging fontanelle, a high-pitched cry, poor feeding and irritability
Antipsychotics in older people with dementia are linked to increased rates of stroke and death. They are used only when non-drug approaches have failed and distress or risk is severe, at the lowest dose for the shortest time.
答え
A · An increased risk of stroke and death
24.精神看護
答え: B · Report the concerns through child protection procedures and ensure the child's safety
これが答えになる理由
Injuries that do not fit the child's developmental stage or the history, and bruises of different ages, are warning signs of abuse. The nurse documents objectively and reports through safeguarding procedures.
答え
B · Report the concerns through child protection procedures and ensure the child's safety
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 38.7 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
101.6 − 32 = 69.6
5/9を掛ける
T = 69.6·5/9 = 38.67 ≈ 38.7 °C
答え
T = 38.7 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: D = 100 mcg/min
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 6 mg/h × (1000 mcg/1 mg) × (1 h/60 min)
計算する
D = 6000/60 = 100 mcg/min
答え
D = 100 mcg/min
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 0.5 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
1 分あたりのミリリットル
200/60 = 3.333 mL/min
滴下速度
R = 3.333·15 = 50 gtt/min
答え
R = 50 gtt/min
30.点滴速度
答え: Δ = 6 %
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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