Why is nail varnish or false nails often removed before surgery?
AThey make the anaesthetic work less well
BThey can catch fire from the electrical equipment used in theatre
CThey can affect pulse oximetry and checking skin colour
DThey are a common cause of wound infection
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A small fire starts in a patient's room. What is the first action?
AOpen the windows to let out the smoke
BGo and find the fire safety officer to ask what should be done
CMove the patient away from immediate danger
DTry to put out the fire with water
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient has leftover opioid tablets after surgery. Which advice about disposal is best?
ALeave them in the bathroom cabinet indefinitely
BGive them to a friend or relative who has back pain
CKeep them in an unlocked drawer at home in case of future pain
DReturn them to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
口唇ヘルペス(単純ヘルペス)のある看護師が、新生児室に配置されました。最も適切な対応はどれですか?
A誰にも言わず、勤務中は化粧で病変を隠す
B口唇ヘルペスはごくありふれているので、通常どおり勤務する
C管理者に伝え、管理者は当面配置を変更することがある
D手袋を着けて通常どおり続ける
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient’s peripheral IV site is swollen, pale and cool, and the infusion has slowed. What should the nurse do first?
AApply a tight bandage over the site to reduce swelling
BStop the infusion and remove the cannula
CFlush the cannula hard to clear the blockage
DIncrease the infusion rate to overcome the resistance
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient in acute mania paces constantly, has lost weight and will not sit down to eat. Which intervention is most helpful?
AOffer high-calorie finger foods and drinks the patient can take while moving
BInsist that the patient sits at the table until the meal is finished
CLeave meals in the room and let the patient eat whenever and whatever they choose
DWait until the mania settles before worrying about nutrition
7.臨床看護学ふつう
What happens in third-degree (complete) heart block?
ANo impulses from the atria reach the ventricles, so they beat independently
BThe ventricles beat very fast and regularly
CEvery impulse reaches the ventricles, but each one is slightly delayed
DThe atria beat chaotically with no P waves, and the ventricular rate is irregular
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
During a blood transfusion, an older patient with heart failure becomes breathless with a rising blood pressure, raised JVP and crackles in the lungs. What is the most likely cause?
ATransfusion-associated circulatory overload
BAnaphylaxis
CA febrile non-haemolytic reaction
DTransfusion-related acute lung injury with hypotension
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
Why must vitamin B12 deficiency be ruled out before treating macrocytic anemia with folic acid alone?
AFolic acid can fix the anemia while B12-related nerve damage continues
BFolic acid blocks the absorption of all B12 from the diet
CFolic acid makes B12 deficiency anemia much worse within a few days
DFolic acid causes iron overload when B12 levels are low
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient on clozapine for 2 years has been stable. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll report a sore throat or fever at once"
B"I'll keep all my scheduled blood test visits"
C"I can stop my blood tests since I feel well"
D"I'll tell other doctors that I take clozapine"
11.薬理学ふつう
Long-term use of metformin can cause a deficiency of which vitamin?
AVitamin A
BVitamin D
CVitamin K
DVitamin B12
12.薬理学むずかしい
How does aripiprazole differ from most other antipsychotics?
AIt works by blocking the reuptake of serotonin only
BIt is a full dopamine agonist that increases dopamine activity
CIt is a partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors
DIt has no effect on dopamine and acts only on histamine
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
How does intermittent pneumatic compression help prevent DVT?
AIt squeezes the legs in cycles to push venous blood towards the heart
BIt breaks up and dissolves clots that have already formed in the veins
CIt keeps the legs completely still to protect the veins
DIt warms the legs gently so the blood becomes thinner and flows faster
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Which task for a stable patient with heart failure can the registered nurse most appropriately delegate to a healthcare assistant (unlicensed assistive personnel)?
AMeasuring and recording the morning weight
BDeciding whether to give the furosemide dose
CAssessing lung sounds for new crackles
DTeaching the patient about a low-salt diet
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient with diabetic neuropathy has an ulcer on the ball of the foot. Which measure is most important for healing?
ASoaking the foot in hot water daily
BTaking pressure off the ulcer
CWalking more to improve blood flow
DCovering it and checking it in a month
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with a long-term catheter has fever and rigors, and a catheter UTI is suspected. Which action is recommended before starting antibiotics?
ATake a sample from the drainage bag and send it to the lab
BFlush the catheter with saline and continue
CRemove the catheter and leave it out permanently
DReplace the catheter and take a sample from the new one
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
How is the height of an epidural sensory block usually checked?
ATapping the knee with a reflex hammer and recording the score
BChecking the colour of the patient's urine
CTesting sensation to cold with ice or a cold spray
DMeasuring the patient's blood glucose level
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient with facial burns from a house fire was talking normally on arrival. Two hours later, the voice is hoarse and there is stridor. What should the nurse do?
ALay the patient flat to help them sleep
BCall for urgent anaesthetic help, as the airway is swelling
CEncourage the patient to rest the voice and reassess tomorrow
DGive a warm drink to soothe the throat
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
分娩の最初の回旋(分娩機転)の正しい順序はどれですか?
A内回旋、進入、下降、伸展、屈曲
B下降、伸展、進入、屈曲、内回旋
C進入、下降、屈曲、内回旋、伸展
D屈曲、進入、伸展、下降、内回旋
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
The triage nurse receives four phone calls from pregnant women. Who should be told to come in immediately?
AAt 25 weeks with mild backache after standing
BAt 12 weeks with mild nausea in the mornings
CAt 30 weeks with heartburn after large meals
DAt 36 weeks with constant pain and a hard uterus
21.小児看護ふつう
Which instruction about using an adrenaline (epinephrine) auto-injector is correct?
AInject into the outer thigh, through clothing if needed, and call emergency services
BUse it only after an antihistamine has failed to work
CInject it into the buttock muscle and then let the child walk it off at home
DInject into the upper arm muscle, but only after removing all the clothing first
22.小児看護むずかしい
A 5-year-old with leukaemia tells the nurse she is ill because she was naughty. What is the best response?
AReassure her clearly that nothing she did or thought made her ill
BIgnore the remark, as she is too young to understand
CExplain the cell biology of leukaemia to her in detail
DAgree that being good may help her get better faster
23.精神看護ふつう
What is the CIWA-Ar scale used for?
AMeasuring the depth of sedation in patients on a ventilator in intensive care
BRating the severity of alcohol withdrawal to guide treatment
CMeasuring the risk of falls in hospital
DScreening for dementia in older adults
24.精神看護むずかしい
While caring for a highly anxious patient, a nurse notices her own heart racing and her speech getting faster. What is most important?
AIgnore her own reaction, because the nurse's feelings do not matter in patient care
BRecognise that anxiety spreads between people, and calm herself first
CMatch the patient's level of anxiety to show empathy
DLeave the patient immediately and not return
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の身長は 5 ft 11 in です。1 ft = 12 in と 1 in = 2.54 cm を使って、身長 h をセンチメートルで、cm の整数に丸めて求めてください。
答え: C · They can affect pulse oximetry and checking skin colour
これが答えになる理由
Dark varnish or false nails can block the oximeter's light and hide nail-bed colour. Clear access to the nails helps monitor oxygenation and circulation.
答え
C · They can affect pulse oximetry and checking skin colour
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · Move the patient away from immediate danger
これが答えになる理由
The first priority is to rescue anyone in immediate danger, then raise the alarm, contain the fire by closing doors and only then try to extinguish it if safe. Opening windows feeds a fire with oxygen.
答え
C · Move the patient away from immediate danger
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Return them to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site
これが答えになる理由
Returning unused opioids to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site is the preferred way to dispose of them. Leftover opioids at home can be misused or taken by children or pets.
答え
D · Return them to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site
A cool, pale, swollen site suggests infiltration. The nurse stops the infusion, removes the cannula, elevates the limb and restarts the IV at another site as needed.
答え
B · Stop the infusion and remove the cannula
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Offer high-calorie finger foods and drinks the patient can take while moving
これが答えになる理由
Patients in mania may be too active to sit and eat. Portable high-calorie foods and fluids help meet physiological needs, which are a priority.
答え
A · Offer high-calorie finger foods and drinks the patient can take while moving
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · No impulses from the atria reach the ventricles, so they beat independently
これが答えになる理由
In complete heart block the atria and ventricles are dissociated, and a slow escape rhythm drives the ventricles. Patients may be dizzy or collapse and often need pacing.
答え
A · No impulses from the atria reach the ventricles, so they beat independently
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · Transfusion-associated circulatory overload
これが答えになる理由
TACO causes pulmonary oedema with hypertension and raised venous pressure, especially in older people and those with heart or kidney disease. TRALI usually presents with hypotension and no fluid overload signs.
答え
A · Transfusion-associated circulatory overload
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Folic acid can fix the anemia while B12-related nerve damage continues
これが答えになる理由
Folic acid can improve the blood picture in B12 deficiency but does not prevent nerve damage. Giving folate alone can therefore mask the deficiency while neurological damage progresses. Both levels are checked before treatment.
答え
A · Folic acid can fix the anemia while B12-related nerve damage continues
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · "I can stop my blood tests since I feel well"
これが答えになる理由
Clozapine requires ongoing ANC monitoring according to the schedule, because severe neutropenia can occur without warning. The patient must keep blood test appointments and report signs of infection at once.
答え
C · "I can stop my blood tests since I feel well"
11.薬理学
答え: D · Vitamin B12
これが答えになる理由
Metformin reduces vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum. Deficiency can cause anaemia and neuropathy, so levels may be checked in long-term users.
答え
D · Vitamin B12
12.薬理学
答え: C · It is a partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors
これが答えになる理由
Aripiprazole is a D2 partial agonist, reducing dopamine activity where it is high and providing some where it is low. It causes less weight gain and prolactin rise than many antipsychotics, but akathisia is common.
答え
C · It is a partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · It squeezes the legs in cycles to push venous blood towards the heart
これが答えになる理由
Inflatable sleeves around the calves or feet inflate and deflate in cycles, increasing venous return and reducing stasis. They are used when anticoagulation is unsuitable or alongside it. They are not used on a leg with a known DVT or severe arterial disease.
答え
A · It squeezes the legs in cycles to push venous blood towards the heart
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Measuring and recording the morning weight
これが答えになる理由
Weighing a stable patient is a routine, measurable task that can be delegated, with the result reported to the nurse. Assessment, patient teaching and clinical decisions about medicines require the registered nurse's judgement and cannot be delegated.
答え
A · Measuring and recording the morning weight
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Taking pressure off the ulcer
これが答えになる理由
Offloading (removing pressure) is essential for healing a neuropathic ulcer, along with infection control, good blood supply and specialist foot team care. Hot soaks risk burns because sensation is reduced.
答え
B · Taking pressure off the ulcer
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Replace the catheter and take a sample from the new one
これが答えになる理由
Long-term catheters develop a biofilm that contaminates samples. Guidance usually advises replacing the catheter, collecting a sample from the new one and then starting antibiotics. Bag samples are not used.
答え
D · Replace the catheter and take a sample from the new one
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Testing sensation to cold with ice or a cold spray
これが答えになる理由
The level at which the patient no longer feels cold shows the upper extent of the sensory block. Motor block is assessed with a scale such as Bromage. A rising block or new weakness is reported.
答え
C · Testing sensation to cold with ice or a cold spray
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Call for urgent anaesthetic help, as the airway is swelling
これが答えになる理由
Progressive hoarseness and stridor after a facial or inhalation burn mean the airway is narrowing. Early intubation by an experienced anaesthetist is needed before swelling makes it impossible. The patient is sat up and given oxygen.
答え
B · Call for urgent anaesthetic help, as the airway is swelling
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · 進入、下降、屈曲、内回旋、伸展
これが答えになる理由
分娩機転は、進入、下降、屈曲、内回旋、伸展、外回旋(復位)、娩出の順です。
答え
C · 進入、下降、屈曲、内回旋、伸展
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · At 36 weeks with constant pain and a hard uterus
これが答えになる理由
Constant pain with a hard, tender uterus suggests placental abruption, which can threaten mother and fetus even with little visible bleeding. The other symptoms are common discomforts.
答え
D · At 36 weeks with constant pain and a hard uterus
21.小児看護
答え: A · Inject into the outer thigh, through clothing if needed, and call emergency services
これが答えになる理由
Auto-injectors are given into the outer mid-thigh and can go through clothing. Emergency services are called after every use, as symptoms can recur, and a second dose may be needed.
答え
A · Inject into the outer thigh, through clothing if needed, and call emergency services
22.小児看護
答え: A · Reassure her clearly that nothing she did or thought made her ill
これが答えになる理由
Preoperational children use magical thinking and may believe illness is a punishment for bad behaviour or thoughts. Clear, repeated reassurance in simple language reduces guilt and fear.
答え
A · Reassure her clearly that nothing she did or thought made her ill
23.精神看護
答え: B · Rating the severity of alcohol withdrawal to guide treatment
これが答えになる理由
The Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol, revised (CIWA-Ar), scores withdrawal signs and symptoms. Repeated scores guide symptom-triggered benzodiazepine treatment.
答え
B · Rating the severity of alcohol withdrawal to guide treatment
24.精神看護
答え: B · Recognise that anxiety spreads between people, and calm herself first
これが答えになる理由
Anxiety can be communicated between people. A nurse who notices and manages her own anxiety can provide a calm, steady presence that helps reduce the patient's anxiety.
答え
B · Recognise that anxiety spreads between people, and calm herself first
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: h = 180 cm
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
インチでの身長
5·12 + 11 = 71 in
インチからセンチメートルへ
h = 71·2.54 = 180.3 ≈ 180 cm
答え
h = 180 cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: Hb = 137 g/L
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
変換
Hb = 13.7 g/dL × 10 dL/L = 137 g/L
答え
Hb = 137 g/L
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 0.5 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
体表面積
BSA = √(179·62/3600) = √3.083 = 1.756 m²
投与量
D = 50·1.756 = 87.79 mg
答え
D = 87.79 mg
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 240 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
60·60/60 = 60 mL/h
体積
V = 60·4 = 240 mL
答え
V = 240 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: R = 22.5 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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