A competent adult who is a Jehovah's Witness refuses a blood transfusion that the team believes is needed. Which two ethical principles are in conflict?
AVeracity and non-maleficence
BJustice and veracity
CFidelity and justice
DAutonomy and beneficence
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Why must visible dirt be removed from equipment before it is disinfected?
ADisinfectants only work on wet surfaces
BOrganic matter can shield organisms and weaken the disinfectant
CDirt makes the disinfectant react and work too strongly on the surface
DCleaning first is only needed for metal items
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient sitting in a chair starts to have a generalized seizure. What should the nurse do?
ALeave to get the provider, then return
BEase the patient to the floor, protect the head and turn them on their side
CHold the patient firmly in the chair until the seizure stops
DPut a padded tongue blade between the teeth to protect the tongue and airway
Which patient is the most appropriate to assign to an LPN/LVN?
AA patient with a tracheostomy placed this morning who is coughing up blood
BA patient on a new IV medication that needs frequent titration
CA patient who has just arrived from the emergency department with pneumonia and confusion
DA patient with a long-standing tracheostomy who needs routine suctioning and care
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient has a continuous stream of bubbles in the water seal chamber of their chest drain. What does this most likely indicate?
AThe drain is blocked
BThe drain is working normally for a fluid collection only
CThe lung has fully re-expanded
DAn air leak, from the lung or from the drainage system
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Which feature best distinguishes delirium from dementia?
ADementia always causes visual hallucinations
BDelirium only affects people under 50, while dementia affects older people
CDelirium starts suddenly and fluctuates, while dementia develops gradually
DDelirium is permanent, while dementia is reversible
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient with HIV on antiretroviral therapy has an undetectable viral load. What does this mean?
AThe CD4 count must now be dangerously low too
BThe treatment is suppressing the virus very well
CThe virus has been completely cured and removed
DThe treatment can now be stopped without any risk
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient admitted with heavy alcohol use and malnutrition has a glucose of 52 mg/dL (2.9 mmol/L) and low magnesium. Which prescribed treatment should be given before the IV glucose?
AIV potassium
BIV thiamine
COral iron
DIV insulin
11.薬理学ふつう
クラリスロマイシンなどのマクロライド系はどのように作用しますか?
Aリボソームの 50S サブユニットに結合してタンパク質合成を阻害する
B細胞壁の合成を阻害する
CDNA ジャイレースを阻害する
D葉酸の合成を遮断する
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient taking metoprolol is also started on verapamil. Which adverse effect is most likely?
ARebound tachycardia and hypertension
BSevere bradycardia and heart block
CHypoglycaemia and weight gain
DHyperkalaemia and muscle weakness
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
COPDにおける呼吸リハビリテーションとは何ですか?
A毎年冬に自宅で行う、経口ステロイドと抗菌薬の投与
B6か月ごとに繰り返す肺機能検査
C息切れを和らげる、監督下の運動と教育
D肺の最も障害された部分を切除する手術
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
After intubation, breath sounds are heard on the right side of the chest but not the left. What is the most likely cause?
AThe tube has entered the right main bronchus
BThe tube cuff has burst during insertion
CThe left lung has completely filled with fluid
DThe tube has entered the oesophagus
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
For which patient would the nurse question an order for pioglitazone?
AA patient with asthma
BA patient with heart failure
CA patient with an allergy to latex
DA patient with hypothyroidism
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with long-standing diabetes suddenly has many new floaters and painless loss of vision in one eye. What is most likely, and what is needed?
AA migraine aura, needing pain relief
BDry eyes, needing lubricating drops
CA bleed into the eye from retinopathy, needing urgent review
DNormal ageing of the lens, needing new glasses
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which risk is particularly linked with tramadol?
AHigh blood pressure that needs emergency treatment in most patients
BSevere stomach ulcers in all patients
CSerotonin syndrome with some antidepressants, and seizures
DRapid liver failure at normal doses
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
Using the adult rule of nines, what is the total burn area of the whole right arm plus the whole front of the trunk (both with partial-thickness burns)?
A18%
B27%
C36%
D45%
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
妊娠 30 週で、期待される成長と一致する子宮底長はどれですか?
A18 cm
B29 cm
C22 cm
D36 cm
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Which statement by a woman being discharged after birth shows a need for further teaching?
A"I should call if my bleeding gets heavier or smells bad."
B"I can use tampons for the bleeding as soon as I get home."
C"I should change my pads regularly and wash my hands."
D"I should report a painful, swollen calf straight away."
21.小児看護ふつう
Which nursing action is correct for a newborn receiving phototherapy?
AKeep the baby fully dressed under the lights to prevent heat loss
BCover the eyes, expose as much skin as possible and monitor temperature and hydration
CApply a moisturising lotion to the skin before each session to prevent drying under the lights
DStop feeds during phototherapy so that bilirubin falls faster
22.小児看護むずかしい
脳室腹腔シャントのある子どもの所見のうち、直ちにフォローアップが必要なものはどれですか?
Aシャントの走行に沿った治癒した傷跡
B弁の上の小さく柔らかい、変化のないふくらみ
C食欲と遊びが正常
D頭痛、繰り返す嘔吐、増していく傾眠
23.精神看護ふつう
An agitated patient has not responded to verbal de-escalation. A PRN medicine is prescribed. What is the most appropriate step?
AHide the medicine in his drink without telling him
BGive an intramuscular injection at once without offering any choice
COffer the oral medicine first, before considering an injection
DPlace him in seclusion and then decide about medicine later
24.精神看護むずかしい
隔離室にいる患者が眠っているように見えます。看護師はどうすべきですか?
A気分を尋ね、呼吸を確認するために、5 分ごとに患者を起こす
B次の勤務帯まで放置する
C眠っているので観察をやめる
D必要な頻度で観察を続け、呼吸と状態を確認する
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 注射の投与量の計算結果は 12.6932 mL です。 この練習問題のルールは「1 mL以上の容量は、mLの小数第1位に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
12.6932 mL
x = mL
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴は 10 mcg/min を投与します。この投与速度 D を mg/h で表してください。
10 mcg/min1 h = 60 min1 mg = 1000 mcg
D = mg/h
27.投与量の計算ふつう
患者の体重は 18 kg で、1 回量として 2 mg/kg が指示されています。投与量 D を mg で求めなさい。
18 kg2 mg/kg
D = mg
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
点滴は 500 mL 中に薬を 25000 単位含みます。指示は 1 時間あたり 800 単位です。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか?
25000 個/500 mL800 個/h
R = mL/h
29.点滴速度ふつう
60 滴/mL の輸液セットで 250 mL を 8 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。 最も近い整数に丸めてください。
250 mL8 h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
1000 mL を 6 時間で投与するよう指示されています。2 時間後、バッグにまだ 810 mL 残っていることがわかりましたが、予定どおりの時間に終える必要があります。 元のポンプ速度を何パーセント Δ 上げる必要がありますか?
1000 mL / 6 h経過時間 2 h: 810 mL
Δ = %
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。水分出納 B = 摂取量 − 排泄量 を mL で求めてください(負の答えは正味の喪失を意味します)。
The patient's right to decide (autonomy) conflicts with the team's wish to do good (beneficence). A valid refusal by a competent adult is respected, and alternatives to blood are explored.
答え
D · Autonomy and beneficence
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Organic matter can shield organisms and weaken the disinfectant
これが答えになる理由
Blood, secretions and soil protect organisms and can inactivate disinfectants. Cleaning is always done first, followed by disinfection or sterilization as required.
答え
B · Organic matter can shield organisms and weaken the disinfectant
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Ease the patient to the floor, protect the head and turn them on their side
これが答えになる理由
The nurse guides the patient gently to the floor, cushions the head, moves objects away and turns the patient on their side to protect the airway. The nurse stays, times the seizure and calls for help.
答え
B · Ease the patient to the floor, protect the head and turn them on their side
答え: D · A patient with a long-standing tracheostomy who needs routine suctioning and care
これが答えになる理由
Routine tracheostomy care for a stable, long-term patient fits the LPN/LVN role in most settings. Fresh or bleeding tracheostomies, new admissions and titrated IV drugs need RN assessment.
答え
D · A patient with a long-standing tracheostomy who needs routine suctioning and care
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · An air leak, from the lung or from the drainage system
これが答えになる理由
Bubbling with breathing in a drain for pneumothorax shows air is leaving the pleural space. Continuous bubbling can also mean a leak in the connections, so the system is checked and the finding reported.
答え
D · An air leak, from the lung or from the drainage system
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Delirium starts suddenly and fluctuates, while dementia develops gradually
これが答えになる理由
Delirium develops over hours to days, with fluctuating attention and consciousness, and is often reversible when the cause is treated. Dementia is a gradual, progressive decline. Patients with dementia are at higher risk of delirium.
答え
C · Delirium starts suddenly and fluctuates, while dementia develops gradually
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · The treatment is suppressing the virus very well
これが答えになる理由
An undetectable viral load shows that antiretroviral therapy is suppressing viral replication. The virus remains in the body, so treatment must continue. People with a sustained undetectable viral load do not transmit HIV sexually.
答え
B · The treatment is suppressing the virus very well
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · IV thiamine
これが答えになる理由
People with alcohol use disorder and malnutrition are often deficient in thiamine. Giving glucose first can use up the remaining thiamine and precipitate Wernicke encephalopathy, so thiamine is usually given before or with glucose. Hypoglycemia must still be treated promptly.
答え
B · IV thiamine
11.薬理学
答え: A · リボソームの 50S サブユニットに結合してタンパク質合成を阻害する
これが答えになる理由
マクロライド系は細菌リボソームの 50S サブユニットに結合し、タンパク質合成を遮断します。フルオロキノロン系は DNA ジャイレースを、βラクタム系は細胞壁を阻害します。
答え
A · リボソームの 50S サブユニットに結合してタンパク質合成を阻害する
12.薬理学
答え: B · Severe bradycardia and heart block
これが答えになる理由
Beta blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem) both slow heart rate and AV conduction. Together they can cause severe bradycardia, heart block and heart failure.
答え: A · The tube has entered the right main bronchus
これが答えになる理由
The right main bronchus is more in line with the trachea, so a tube pushed too far usually enters it and only the right lung is ventilated. The tube is withdrawn slightly by the team and position is rechecked. Oesophageal intubation gives no breath sounds and gastric gurgling.
答え
A · The tube has entered the right main bronchus
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · A patient with heart failure
これが答えになる理由
Pioglitazone can cause fluid retention and oedema, which can worsen heart failure. It is contraindicated in patients with heart failure. Weight gain and an increased fracture risk are other effects.
答え
B · A patient with heart failure
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · A bleed into the eye from retinopathy, needing urgent review
これが答えになる理由
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy causes fragile new blood vessels that can bleed into the vitreous, causing sudden floaters or vision loss. It needs same-day or urgent ophthalmology review. Retinal detachment is also possible.
答え
C · A bleed into the eye from retinopathy, needing urgent review
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Serotonin syndrome with some antidepressants, and seizures
これが答えになる理由
Tramadol is a weak opioid that also inhibits serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake. It can lower the seizure threshold and cause serotonin syndrome with SSRIs and other serotonergic drugs.
答え
C · Serotonin syndrome with some antidepressants, and seizures
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · 27%
これが答えになる理由
The whole arm is 9% and the front of the trunk 18%, giving 27% total body surface area. Superficial (redness only) areas would not be counted.
答え
B · 27%
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · 29 cm
これが答えになる理由
妊娠 30 週で期待される子宮底長は約 28~32 cm です。妊娠週数との差が 2~3 cm を超える場合は、通常は超音波検査などでフォローアップします。
答え
B · 29 cm
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · "I can use tampons for the bleeding as soon as I get home."
これが答えになる理由
Tampons are avoided until lochia has stopped and the postnatal check is done, because they increase the risk of infection. The other statements are correct.
答え
B · "I can use tampons for the bleeding as soon as I get home."
21.小児看護
答え: B · Cover the eyes, expose as much skin as possible and monitor temperature and hydration
これが答えになる理由
Phototherapy works on bilirubin in the skin, so maximal skin should be exposed while the eyes are shielded. Babies can lose extra fluid and become too warm or cold, so temperature, hydration and feeding are monitored; lotions can cause burns.
答え
B · Cover the eyes, expose as much skin as possible and monitor temperature and hydration
答え: C · Offer the oral medicine first, before considering an injection
これが答えになる理由
Offering oral medication respects choice and is less restrictive than an injection. Covert administration is only lawful in specific, documented circumstances, not as a routine approach.
答え
C · Offer the oral medicine first, before considering an injection
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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