A postoperative patient on IV fluids has a sodium of 128 mmol/L and is becoming confused. Which fluid could make this worse if given in large amounts?
AHuman albumin solution
B5% glucose (D5W)
CHartmann's solution (similar to lactated Ringer's)
D0.9% sodium chloride
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient has had severe watery diarrhea for 4 days. Which laboratory pattern would the nurse expect?
ALow potassium and low bicarbonate
BLow glucose and high magnesium
CHigh sodium and high calcium
DHigh potassium and high bicarbonate
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has fever, chills, flank pain and costovertebral angle tenderness. Urinalysis shows many white cells and white cell casts. Which condition is most likely?
AAcute pyelonephritis
BSimple cystitis
CGlomerulonephritis
DNephrotic syndrome
11.薬理学ふつう
Besides lithium levels, which blood tests are monitored in long-term lithium treatment?
AINR and fibrinogen
BKidney function and thyroid function
CTroponin and CK-MB
DLiver enzymes, serum amylase and lipase
12.薬理学むずかしい
QT 間隔を延長させる薬を複数併用すると、命に関わるどの不整脈のリスクが高まりますか?
A1 度房室ブロック
B心房細動
Cトルサード・ド・ポワント
D洞性頻脈
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
重症のCOPD患者が、少量ずつ頻回に食べるよう勧められるのはなぜですか?
A少量の食事は吸入器が必要な回数を減らすから
B頻回の食事は胸部感染症を直接予防するから
C胃が満たされると横隔膜が制限され、食べること自体が疲れるから
D大量の食事で気道が恒久的に狭くなるから
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
After chest trauma, a patient is hypotensive with reduced breath sounds on the left. Which finding suggests a haemothorax rather than a tension pneumothorax?
ADullness to percussion on the affected side
BDistended neck veins
CHyper-resonance on the affected side
DTrachea pushed away from the affected side
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
When a patient sticks out their tongue, it points to the right. Which nerve is affected?
答え: A · Non-opioids such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or an NSAID
これが答えになる理由
The WHO ladder starts with non-opioids, adds a weak opioid for moderate pain and a strong opioid for severe pain, with adjuvants at any step. It is still widely taught, although current WHO guidance stresses individual assessment over a strict step-by-step approach.
答え
A · Non-opioids such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or an NSAID
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · Up to 2 hours before
これが答えになる理由
Standard guidance allows clear fluids up to 2 hours and food up to 6 hours before elective anaesthesia. Long fasting causes thirst, dehydration and discomfort without added safety.
答え
C · Up to 2 hours before
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Above the elbows, so water runs from the fingertips toward the elbows
これが答えになる理由
After a surgical scrub, the hands are the cleanest area, so they are held above the elbows to let water drain away from them toward the less clean elbows.
答え
A · Above the elbows, so water runs from the fingertips toward the elbows
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Do not start until the site is marked and verified with the patient
これが答えになる理由
Wrong-site surgery is prevented by marking the site before the procedure, ideally with the awake patient’s involvement, and confirming it at the time-out. The procedure does not begin until this is done.
答え
A · Do not start until the site is marked and verified with the patient
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Lower the bed now and remind the assistant why it matters
これが答えになる理由
A high bed increases the risk of a serious fall, so the nurse corrects it at once and gives brief, clear feedback. Leaving it or delaying feedback leaves the patient at risk.
答え
C · Lower the bed now and remind the assistant why it matters
The glucose in 5% glucose is metabolised, leaving free water that dilutes the plasma sodium further. Postoperative patients often have raised ADH, so large volumes of hypotonic fluid can cause dangerous hyponatraemia.
答え
B · 5% glucose (D5W)
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Low potassium and low bicarbonate
これが答えになる理由
Lower gut fluid contains potassium and bicarbonate, so severe diarrhea causes hypokalemia and a normal anion gap (hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis, plus dehydration. Vomiting, in contrast, causes metabolic alkalosis.確認に用いた資料:Potassium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Metabolic acidosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
A · Low potassium and low bicarbonate
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Acute pyelonephritis
これが答えになる理由
White cell casts show that the inflammation is in the kidney itself, not just the bladder. With fever and flank pain this indicates pyelonephritis. Glomerulonephritis typically causes red cell casts, and nephrotic syndrome causes heavy protein loss.確認に用いた資料:Urinary casts · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Glomerulonephritis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
A · Acute pyelonephritis
11.薬理学
答え: B · Kidney function and thyroid function
これが答えになる理由
Lithium can impair kidney function and cause hypothyroidism. Kidney function, thyroid function and calcium are checked regularly, along with lithium levels.
答え: A · Dullness to percussion on the affected side
これが答えになる理由
Blood in the pleural space gives a dull percussion note, whereas air gives hyper-resonance. In haemothorax the neck veins are often flat because of blood loss; in tension pneumothorax they are distended. A massive haemothorax needs a large chest drain, blood replacement and surgical review.
答え
A · Dullness to percussion on the affected side
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · The right hypoglossal nerve (XII)
これが答えになる理由
With a lower motor neuron lesion of the hypoglossal nerve, the tongue deviates towards the side of the lesion, because the healthy muscles push it across. Wasting and fasciculation of that side may also be seen.
答え: B · Small, frequent meals low in simple sugars, with fluids between meals
これが答えになる理由
Small meals, fewer simple sugars, more protein and fibre, and taking fluids between rather than with meals slow emptying and reduce fluid shifts. Lying down briefly after meals can also help.
答え
B · Small, frequent meals low in simple sugars, with fluids between meals
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · A fistula between the colon and the bladder
これが答えになる理由
Pneumaturia and faecaluria suggest a colovesical fistula, a recognised complication of diverticulitis (and Crohn's disease or cancer). Recurrent urinary infections are common, and surgery is usually needed.
答え: B · The fetal heart rate and for cord prolapse
これが答えになる理由
In breech presentations, the presenting part fits the pelvis less snugly, so cord prolapse is more likely after rupture of the membranes. The fetal heart rate is checked immediately and a vaginal examination done if indicated.
答え: D · He may feel worried, jealous or left out and needs attention and information
これが答えになる理由
Siblings of seriously ill children often feel neglected, anxious, guilty or jealous and may show this through behaviour changes. Family-centred care includes giving siblings age-appropriate information, involvement and time with parents.
答え
D · He may feel worried, jealous or left out and needs attention and information
23.精神看護
答え: C · 法律で特に制限されたものを除いて権利は保持され、権利について知らされなければならない
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
105.1 − 32 = 73.1
5/9を掛ける
T = 73.1·5/9 = 40.61 ≈ 40.6 °C
答え
T = 40.6 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: N = 1
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
合計容量
2.5 mL × 2 × 5 = 25 mL
ボトル
25/100 = 0.25 → N = 1
答え
N = 1
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 67.5 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
7.5·18 = 135 mg
1 回あたり
D = 135/2 = 67.5 mg
答え
D = 67.5 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V₁ = 250 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
原液の量
V₁ = 2.5·1000/10 = 250 mL
答え
V₁ = 250 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 20 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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