A test has very high sensitivity for a disease. What does a negative result mean?
AThe result cannot be used, because sensitivity is high
BThe disease is certain, so treatment should begin
CThe disease is unlikely, so it helps rule it out
DThe patient must have a different disease instead
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with ongoing hemolytic anemia has an HbA1c of 4.6%, but home glucose readings are often 180–220 mg/dL (10–12 mmol/L). What best explains the gap?
AThe patient has true, well-controlled diabetes
BHemolysis makes the HbA1c test read too high
CThe home glucose meter is reading falsely high
DShort red cell life span lowers the HbA1c falsely
11.薬理学ふつう
When should a patient take a once-daily proton pump inhibitor such as omeprazole?
AAbout 30–60 minutes before the first meal of the day
BWith a glass of milk at bedtime, when acid output is highest
CStraight after a large evening meal
DOnly when heartburn is severe
12.薬理学むずかしい
QT 間隔を延長させる薬を複数併用すると、命に関わるどの不整脈のリスクが高まりますか?
A洞性頻脈
Bトルサード・ド・ポワント
C心房細動
D1 度房室ブロック
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient uses a glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) patch for angina. Why is it usually removed for several hours each day?
AThe skin needs a break to absorb a larger dose
BA nitrate-free interval prevents tolerance
CIt lowers the risk of a high potassium level
DThe patch works only during the night
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A hypotensive patient has a temperature of 39.2 °C, warm flushed skin, a bounding pulse and a fast heart rate. Which type of shock is most likely?
AEarly septic (distributive) shock
BObstructive shock from tamponade
CCardiogenic shock
DHypovolaemic shock from bleeding
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Why is IV calcium gluconate given in severe hyperkalaemia?
AIt moves potassium into the cells
BIt binds potassium in the gut
CIt protects the heart from arrhythmias
DIt removes potassium through the kidneys
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
Six weeks after a kidney transplant, a patient has a fever, tenderness over the graft, less urine and a rising creatinine. What is most likely?
AAcute rejection, needing urgent transplant team review
BDehydration that needs only more oral fluids and rest
CA normal finding as the kidney settles in
DA side effect of sun exposure
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
A day after a spinal anaesthetic, a patient has a headache that is worse when sitting up and better when lying flat. What is the most likely cause?
APost-dural puncture headache
BRaised blood pressure from pain
CMigraine caused by hospital lighting
DA side effect of the antibiotic
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A few hours after thyroid surgery, a patient's neck swells rapidly and they become short of breath with stridor. What is most likely?
ANormal swelling after neck surgery
BA haematoma pressing on the airway
CLow blood calcium from the surgery
DAn allergy to the wound dressing
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman 2 hours after birth has a temperature of 37.8 °C (100.0 °F), a firm fundus and normal lochia. What is the most likely cause?
APulmonary embolism
BMastitis
CDehydration after labour
DEndometritis
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman at 26 weeks has a haemoglobin of 95 g/L (9.5 g/dL) and a low ferritin. She is already taking oral iron but has severe side effects. What might be considered?
ADoubling her caffeine intake
BIntravenous iron
CA routine blood transfusion
DStopping iron and waiting until after birth
21.小児看護ふつう
Which statement about patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for a child is correct?
AOnly the child presses the button, unless a protocol says otherwise
BThe nurse should press it every 5 minutes, day and night, to keep the pain away
CAny visitor may press it if the child seems uncomfortable
DParents should press the button whenever the child is asleep
22.小児看護むずかしい
A baby born at 28 weeks is now 6 months old. He is not yet sitting without support. How should the nurse interpret this?
AMilestones are always judged by chronological age, so he is 3 months behind
BHe is clearly delayed and needs urgent neurological referral
CPreterm babies never reach normal milestones, so no follow-up is needed
DMilestones are judged by corrected age, here about 3 months, so this is expected
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient who started a high-dose corticosteroid (prednisolone or prednisone) a week ago is now euphoric, sleeping little and talking very fast. What should the nurse suspect?
ALithium toxicity
BA normal reaction to feeling better from the treatment
CMood changes caused by the corticosteroid
DAlcohol withdrawal
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient with depression and a family history of bipolar disorder started an antidepressant 2 weeks ago. He now sleeps 3 hours a night, talks rapidly and is spending large amounts of money. What should the nurse suspect?
ANormal relief and extra energy now that his depression has finally lifted after the treatment
BSerotonin syndrome caused by a high dose
CThe expected improvement in mood from the antidepressant
DA switch into mania or hypomania triggered by the antidepressant
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 体重の換算結果は 49.0453 kg です。 この練習問題のルールは「体重は、キログラムの小数第1位に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
49.0453 kg
x = kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 処方箋に、経口懸濁液 1日2回 を 1 tsp、10 日間と書かれています。1 tsp = 5 mL を用いて、全期間に必要な mL V はいくつですか。
1 tsp1日2回10 日1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 32 kg の子どもに、2 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 20 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
32 kg2 mg/kg20 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
50%(w/v)の原液から 2%(w/v)の溶液を 250 mL 調製する必要があります。 原液は何 mL V₁ 必要ですか?
C₁ = 50%C₂ = 2%V₂ = 250 mL
V₁ = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
15 滴/mL の輸液セットで 1500 mL を 10 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。 最も近い整数に丸めてください。
1500 mL10 h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
薬剤 1000 mg を 500 mL に希釈し、20 滴/mL のセットで自然落下で投与します。指示は 1 時間あたり 120 mg です。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
1000 mg/500 mL120 mg/h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
31.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。総摂取量 I を mL で求めてください。 氷片は体積の半分として数えます。
答え: C · On their side with the head turned, with suction ready
これが答えになる理由
Side-lying lets fluid drain from the mouth instead of into the airway. Only small amounts of fluid are used, and suction is kept at hand to reduce the risk of aspiration.
答え
C · On their side with the head turned, with suction ready
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · At the bedside, with the patient and their wristband
これが答えになる理由
The final check matches the patient's identity, by asking and from the wristband, with the blood bag and prescription at the bedside. Most wrong-blood events come from checks done away from the patient.
答え
C · At the bedside, with the patient and their wristband
答え: C · The disease is unlikely, so it helps rule it out
これが答えになる理由
Sensitivity is the proportion of people with the disease who test positive. A highly sensitive test has few false negatives, so a negative result helps rule the disease out (the D-dimer is an example). Specificity relates to ruling in.
答え
C · The disease is unlikely, so it helps rule it out
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Short red cell life span lowers the HbA1c falsely
これが答えになる理由
HbA1c reflects glucose attached to hemoglobin over the red cell life span. In hemolysis, red cells are younger and have less time to bind glucose, so HbA1c is falsely low. Glucose monitoring or other markers are used instead.確認に用いた資料:The A1C Test & Diabetes · NIDDK (NIH) (2018); Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
D · Short red cell life span lowers the HbA1c falsely
11.薬理学
答え: A · About 30–60 minutes before the first meal of the day
これが答えになる理由
Proton pump inhibitors block pumps that are active, so they work best when taken before breakfast. Food then activates the pumps when the drug level is high.
答え
A · About 30–60 minutes before the first meal of the day
答え: B · A nitrate-free interval prevents tolerance
これが答えになる理由
Continuous nitrate use leads to tolerance within days. A daily nitrate-free period (often overnight, when angina is least likely) keeps the drug effective. Patients are taught to rotate patch sites.
答え
B · A nitrate-free interval prevents tolerance
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Early septic (distributive) shock
これが答えになる理由
Early septic shock often causes warm peripheries and bounding pulses because of widespread vasodilation. Cardiogenic, hypovolaemic and obstructive shock usually cause cool, clammy skin from vasoconstriction. Septic shock can later become "cold" as it progresses.
答え
A · Early septic (distributive) shock
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · It protects the heart from arrhythmias
これが答えになる理由
Calcium stabilises the cardiac cell membrane and reduces the risk of arrhythmias within minutes. It does not change the potassium level, so other treatments are needed to shift and remove potassium.
答え
C · It protects the heart from arrhythmias
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Acute rejection, needing urgent transplant team review
これが答えになる理由
Fever, graft tenderness, falling urine output and rising creatinine suggest acute rejection, although infection must also be ruled out. Early treatment, often with high-dose steroids, can save the graft, so the transplant team is contacted urgently.
答え
A · Acute rejection, needing urgent transplant team review
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Post-dural puncture headache
これが答えになる理由
CSF leaking through the dural puncture lowers pressure and causes a positional headache. Fluids, simple analgesia and caffeine may help, and the anaesthetist is informed; an epidural blood patch is sometimes needed.
答え
A · Post-dural puncture headache
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · A haematoma pressing on the airway
これが答えになる理由
A haematoma after thyroid or neck surgery can compress the airway quickly. It is an emergency: call for help, sit the patient up and give oxygen, and follow local guidance on opening the wound to release the clot.
答え
B · A haematoma pressing on the airway
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Dehydration after labour
これが答えになる理由
A slight rise in temperature in the first 24 hours is often due to dehydration and the effort of labour. Fluids are encouraged and temperature rechecked. A fever of 38 °C (100.4 °F) or more, especially after 24 hours, suggests infection.
答え
C · Dehydration after labour
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Intravenous iron
これが答えになる理由
When oral iron is not tolerated or not effective, intravenous iron may be used in the second and third trimesters. Transfusion is reserved for severe or symptomatic anaemia or acute blood loss.
答え
B · Intravenous iron
21.小児看護
答え: A · Only the child presses the button, unless a protocol says otherwise
これが答えになる理由
PCA is safe because a sedated child stops pressing the button. If others press it ("PCA by proxy") this safety is lost, risking overdose. Nurse- or parent-controlled analgesia is only used under specific protocols with extra monitoring.
答え
A · Only the child presses the button, unless a protocol says otherwise
22.小児看護
答え: D · Milestones are judged by corrected age, here about 3 months, so this is expected
これが答えになる理由
Born 12 weeks early, his corrected age is about 3 months, when sitting is not expected. Corrected age is used for development and growth in preterm babies, usually until about 2 years, while vaccines follow chronological age.
答え
D · Milestones are judged by corrected age, here about 3 months, so this is expected
23.精神看護
答え: C · Mood changes caused by the corticosteroid
これが答えになる理由
High-dose corticosteroids can cause mood changes, including mania, depression and psychosis. The nurse reports the change so the prescriber can review the dose and treatment.
答え
C · Mood changes caused by the corticosteroid
24.精神看護
答え: D · A switch into mania or hypomania triggered by the antidepressant
これが答えになる理由
Antidepressants can trigger mania or hypomania in people with bipolar disorder, particularly without a mood stabiliser. The nurse reports this so the prescriber can reassess the diagnosis and treatment.
答え
D · A switch into mania or hypomania triggered by the antidepressant
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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