A parent will give a liquid medicine to a child at home. Which advice is safest?
AUse any kitchen teaspoon
BMix the dose into a full bottle of milk
CUse the oral syringe or measuring cup supplied with it
DEstimate the dose by pouring the liquid into a small cup
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient taking dabigatran has a life-threatening bleed. Which specific reversal agent is used?
AVitamin K
BProtamine sulfate
CIdarucizumab
DAndexanet alfa
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A nurse measures blood pressure on a large upper arm using a cuff that is too small. What effect will this have?
AThe reading will be accurate but slower
BOnly the pulse rate will be affected
CThe reading will be falsely high
DThe reading will be falsely low
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Four hours after cardiac surgery, the mediastinal drain, which had been draining steadily, suddenly stops. BP falls to 84/60 mmHg, the heart rate rises and the CVP climbs. What should the nurse suspect?
ACardiac tamponade from a clotted drain
BFluid overload from intravenous fluids
CNormal recovery, as the bleeding has stopped
DA tension pneumothorax on the left side
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient has acute low back pain with no red flags. Which advice is most appropriate?
AStay in bed for two weeks until the pain is gone
BAvoid all movement until an MRI scan has been done
CStay as active as possible and use simple pain relief
DWear a rigid back brace all day and night for at least three months
Why is the time a surgical limb tourniquet is inflated carefully recorded?
AThe surgeon is paid per minute of use
BLong inflation can cause nerve and muscle damage
CThe tourniquet slowly loses all its air after one minute
DIt shows how long the anaesthetic gas was used
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
After a coughing fit, the external mark on a patient's nasogastric tube has moved 10 cm. Feed is due. What should the nurse do?
ADo not use the tube until its position is confirmed by policy
BPush the tube back to the original mark and start the feed
CStart the feed at a slow rate and watch for coughing
DGive the medicines only and save the feed for later
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Which statement describes the "4 Ts" causes of postpartum haemorrhage?
ATemperature, tachycardia, tears and time
BTrauma, tension, temperature and thrombosis
CTone, tachycardia, transfusion and tissue
DTone, trauma, tissue and thrombin
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman at 29 weeks is in preterm labour and is given magnesium sulfate. What is the main reason for giving it at this gestation?
ATo prevent eclamptic seizures
BTo speed up fetal lung maturation
CTo treat a urinary tract infection
DTo reduce the baby's risk of cerebral palsy
21.小児看護ふつう
子どもを FLACC スケールで採点しました。合計点の範囲はどれですか?
A0~100
B1~20
C0~5
D0~10
22.小児看護むずかしい
Which bedside check is recommended before each feed to confirm the position of a child's nasogastric tube?
AAsk the child whether the tube feels comfortable and check the length mark only
BPlace the end of the tube in water and look for bubbles
CInject air and listen over the stomach for a "whoosh"
DCheck that aspirate from the tube is acidic, using the pH limit in local policy
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient from a culture in which communication with ancestors is common says she sometimes hears her late grandmother giving advice. What is the most appropriate nursing approach?
ATell her that her beliefs are not real
BExplore the experience in her cultural context before calling it a symptom
CRecord it immediately as a command hallucination
DAvoid asking about it, because culture is not relevant to mental health
24.精神看護むずかしい
A nurse is teaching a patient with anxiety how to do progressive muscle relaxation. Which instruction is correct?
ADo the exercise only during a panic attack, never at other times
BHold your breath for as long as possible while lying completely still on the floor
CTense all your muscles at once and keep them tight for 10 minutes
DTense each muscle group in turn for a few seconds, then let go and notice the difference
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある成人の体重は 75 kg、身長は 179 cm です。BMI を計算し、WHO の体重区分をクリックしてください。
75 kg179 cm
1低体重(やせ)
2普通体重
3過体重
4肥満クラスI
5肥満クラスII
6肥満クラスIII
3溶液
1.基礎看護学
答え: C · Gently pull the outer ear up and back
これが答えになる理由
Pulling the pinna up and back straightens the adult ear canal so the probe points at the eardrum. In young children the pinna is pulled down and back instead.
答え: C · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
これが答えになる理由
Anyone touching the patient or bed could receive the shock. The operator announces “clear” and looks to confirm that nobody is in contact, and oxygen is moved away from the chest.
答え
C · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Resources go first to those most likely to survive with treatment
これが答えになる理由
In disasters, triage shifts from treating the sickest first to saving the most lives with available resources. Expectant patients still receive comfort care and are reassessed as resources change.
答え
A · Resources go first to those most likely to survive with treatment
答え: B · Help with the McRoberts position and give suprapubic pressure as directed
これが答えになる理由
In shoulder dystocia, the McRoberts maneuver (flexing the mother’s thighs onto her abdomen) and suprapubic pressure help free the shoulder. Fundal pressure and pulling on the head can worsen the injury.
答え
B · Help with the McRoberts position and give suprapubic pressure as directed
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · The risk of a full stroke is highest in the days after a TIA
これが答えになる理由
The risk of stroke is highest soon after a TIA. Rapid assessment and treatment, such as antiplatelets, statins and carotid imaging, reduce this risk.
答え
B · The risk of a full stroke is highest in the days after a TIA
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · To rule out septic arthritis, which can rapidly destroy the joint
これが答えになる理由
Septic arthritis can destroy cartilage within days. Aspiration allows microscopy and culture, and helps distinguish infection from crystal arthritis such as gout.
答え
A · To rule out septic arthritis, which can rapidly destroy the joint
答え: C · Use the oral syringe or measuring cup supplied with it
これが答えになる理由
Kitchen spoons are inaccurate and can cause under- or overdosing. Oral syringes in millilitres are the most accurate, and mixing doses into a whole bottle risks the child not getting the full dose.
答え
C · Use the oral syringe or measuring cup supplied with it
12.薬理学
答え: C · Idarucizumab
これが答えになる理由
Idarucizumab is an antibody fragment that binds dabigatran. Andexanet alfa reverses factor Xa inhibitors, protamine reverses heparin, and vitamin K reverses warfarin.
答え
C · Idarucizumab
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · The reading will be falsely high
これが答えになる理由
A cuff that is too small needs a higher pressure to compress the brachial artery, giving a falsely high reading. A cuff that is too large can give a falsely low reading. The bladder should encircle most of the arm, so cuff size is chosen by arm circumference.
答え
C · The reading will be falsely high
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Cardiac tamponade from a clotted drain
これが答えになる理由
A sudden stop in drainage with falling blood pressure, tachycardia and rising venous pressure suggests blood is collecting around the heart because the drain is blocked. Tamponade after cardiac surgery is an emergency: the surgeon is called at once and the chest may need to be reopened.
答え
A · Cardiac tamponade from a clotted drain
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Stay as active as possible and use simple pain relief
これが答えになる理由
Most acute low back pain improves within weeks. Staying active, simple analgesia and gradual return to normal activities help recovery. Imaging is usually not needed without red flags.
答え
C · Stay as active as possible and use simple pain relief
答え: B · Long inflation can cause nerve and muscle damage
これが答えになる理由
A tourniquet creates a bloodless field but causes limb ischaemia. Inflation time and pressure are recorded and the surgeon is told at set intervals, as long inflation can damage nerves and muscle.
答え
B · Long inflation can cause nerve and muscle damage
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Do not use the tube until its position is confirmed by policy
これが答えになる理由
A change in external length means the tube may have moved. Pushing it back blindly is unsafe. It is not used until placement is confirmed by pH or X-ray, or it is replaced.
答え
A · Do not use the tube until its position is confirmed by policy
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Tone, trauma, tissue and thrombin
これが答えになる理由
The 4 Ts are tone (atony), trauma (tears, haematomas, rupture), tissue (retained placenta or clots) and thrombin (clotting disorders). Tone is the most common cause.
答え
D · Tone, trauma, tissue and thrombin
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · To reduce the baby's risk of cerebral palsy
これが答えになる理由
Before about 32 weeks, magnesium sulfate given when preterm birth is imminent reduces the risk of cerebral palsy. It is a neuroprotective use, separate from seizure prevention in pre-eclampsia.
答え: D · Check that aspirate from the tube is acidic, using the pH limit in local policy
これが答えになる理由
Testing the pH of aspirate is the recommended bedside check before each use in many guidelines (UK NHS guidance uses a pH of 5.5 or below). An X-ray is the most reliable method and is used to confirm initial placement in many settings, including most US hospitals, or when no suitable aspirate is obtained. The air "whoosh" and bubble tests are unreliable and can miss a tube in the lungs.
答え
D · Check that aspirate from the tube is acidic, using the pH limit in local policy
23.精神看護
答え: B · Explore the experience in her cultural context before calling it a symptom
これが答えになる理由
A belief or experience that is accepted in the person's culture is not classed as a delusion or hallucination in itself. The nurse explores its meaning, how it is shared by others and whether it causes distress.
答え
B · Explore the experience in her cultural context before calling it a symptom
24.精神看護
答え: D · Tense each muscle group in turn for a few seconds, then let go and notice the difference
これが答えになる理由
Progressive muscle relaxation involves tensing and then relaxing muscle groups in turn. Regular practice when calm makes it easier to use the skill when anxious.
答え
D · Tense each muscle group in turn for a few seconds, then let go and notice the difference
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
投与量
20·18 = 360 mg
答え
D = 360 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: D = 140.5 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
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