The nurse has taught the parents of a child with epilepsy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll move hard objects away and put something soft under his head."
B"I'll time the seizure and give the rescue medicine if it lasts too long."
C"When the jerking stops, I'll turn him onto his side."
D"I'll put a spoon in his mouth so he doesn't bite or swallow his tongue."
23.精神看護ふつう
Which question is the best way to ask a patient about suicidal thoughts?
A"Are you having thoughts of killing yourself?"
B"You're not thinking of doing anything silly, are you?"
C"You wouldn't hurt yourself, would you?"
D"Things aren't that bad, are they?"
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient with long-standing schizophrenia is often seen drinking from the taps. Today he is confused, has a headache and his serum sodium is 124 mmol/L (124 mEq/L). What is the most likely problem?
AWater intoxication from psychogenic polydipsia
BNeuroleptic malignant syndrome from his antipsychotic medicine
CA worsening of his psychosis that needs a higher dose of antipsychotic
DDehydration caused by anticholinergic side effects
答え: A · The patient wears a surgical mask during transport
これが答えになる理由
When an airborne-precaution patient must leave the room, they wear a surgical mask to contain respiratory secretions. Staff in close contact still wear respirators as per policy, and the receiving department is informed.
答え
A · The patient wears a surgical mask during transport
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Regular oral care to reduce bacteria in the mouth
これが答えになる理由
Oral care, including tooth brushing, reduces the bacteria that can be aspirated around the endotracheal tube. It is part of ventilator care along with head elevation and sedation review.
答え
D · Regular oral care to reduce bacteria in the mouth
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Keep the alarm on, fix the cause such as electrode placement, and adjust limits only per policy
これが答えになる理由
Disabling alarms is a known cause of missed deterioration. Alarm fatigue is reduced by fixing causes such as poor skin preparation or old electrodes and by setting individual limits according to orders and policy.
答え
D · Keep the alarm on, fix the cause such as electrode placement, and adjust limits only per policy
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Two patients who both have C. difficile infection
これが答えになる理由
Cohorting patients with the same organism is acceptable when single rooms are not available. The other pairs would expose a vulnerable patient to an infection.
答え
D · Two patients who both have C. difficile infection
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Check that a swallow screen has been done before giving anything by mouth
これが答えになる理由
After a stroke, the patient stays NPO (nothing by mouth) until a swallow screen shows it is safe. Giving fluids first risks aspiration, even with a straw or thickener.
答え
D · Check that a swallow screen has been done before giving anything by mouth
答え: C · To protect against endometrial hyperplasia and cancer
これが答えになる理由
Oestrogen alone causes endometrial proliferation and increases the risk of endometrial cancer. A progestogen protects the endometrium; women without a uterus can take oestrogen alone.
答え
C · To protect against endometrial hyperplasia and cancer
12.薬理学
答え: D · Digoxin
これが答えになる理由
ACE inhibitors (or ARBs/ARNI), beta blockers, mineralocorticoid antagonists and SGLT2 inhibitors reduce mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Digoxin improves symptoms and reduces admissions without reducing mortality.
答え
D · Digoxin
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Several samples, ideally including early-morning sputum
これが答えになる理由
Usually three sputum samples, including an early-morning sample, are sent for smear microscopy, culture and molecular testing. Deep coughed sputum, not saliva, is needed. Samples are collected before treatment where possible and in a way that limits exposure to others.
答え
C · Several samples, ideally including early-morning sputum
答え: C · Loss of movement and pain sense, with position sense kept
これが答えになる理由
Anterior cord syndrome usually follows damage to the anterior spinal artery. Motor, pain and temperature pathways are lost below the injury, but the dorsal columns (fine touch, vibration and proprioception) at the back are spared.
答え
C · Loss of movement and pain sense, with position sense kept
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Urgent escalation for BP control and close neuro checks
これが答えになる理由
Severe hypertension with headache and visual change suggests hypertensive encephalopathy. This needs urgent medical treatment and neurological monitoring. Seizures can occur.
答え
D · Urgent escalation for BP control and close neuro checks
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · A raised level suggests poor tissue perfusion
これが答えになる理由
A high lactate signals tissue hypoperfusion and higher risk of death in sepsis. It helps guide fluid resuscitation and escalation, and it is repeated to check the response.
答え
C · A raised level suggests poor tissue perfusion
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Protect the skin edges and use a more absorbent dressing
これが答えになる理由
Maceration shows that exudate is not being managed. A barrier film or cream protects the surrounding skin, and a more absorbent dressing or more frequent changes are used. The cause of high exudate is reviewed.
答え
A · Protect the skin edges and use a more absorbent dressing
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Kleihauer–Betke test
これが答えになる理由
The Kleihauer–Betke test (or flow cytometry) measures fetal red cells in maternal blood after a sensitising event such as trauma or birth. The result guides whether extra anti-D is needed.
答え: D · "I'll put a spoon in his mouth so he doesn't bite or swallow his tongue."
これが答えになる理由
Putting objects in the mouth can break teeth, injure the mouth or block the airway; the tongue cannot be swallowed. Timing the seizure, protecting from injury and placing the child on the side afterwards are correct.
答え
D · "I'll put a spoon in his mouth so he doesn't bite or swallow his tongue."
23.精神看護
答え: A · "Are you having thoughts of killing yourself?"
これが答えになる理由
Asking directly and calmly shows that it is safe to talk. Questions that suggest the "right" answer, or that minimise the problem, make it harder for the patient to be honest.
答え
A · "Are you having thoughts of killing yourself?"
24.精神看護
答え: A · Water intoxication from psychogenic polydipsia
これが答えになる理由
Some patients with chronic psychosis drink excessive water, which dilutes sodium and can cause confusion, seizures and coma. The nurse reports the result, monitors neurological status and follows orders for fluid restriction and regular weights.
答え
A · Water intoxication from psychogenic polydipsia
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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