A patient has a single hot, swollen, very painful knee and a fever. Why is urgent joint aspiration important?
ATo measure the patient's cholesterol
BTo check for rheumatoid arthritis antibodies in the joint fluid
CTo rule out septic arthritis, which can rapidly destroy the joint
DTo prevent osteoporosis
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
ジゴキシンの投与予定の患者のカリウムが 3.1 mEq/L です。この結果が重要なのはなぜですか?
Aカリウムとジゴキシンは相互作用しないため
B低カリウムは、ジゴキシンの副作用から心臓を守るため
C低カリウムはジゴキシンを効かなくするので、用量を 2 倍にすべきため
D低カリウムは、ジゴキシン中毒のリスクを高めるため
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
硫酸マグネシウムの静脈内投与中に、中毒を早期に発見するのに最も役立つアセスメントはどれですか?
A腸蠕動音と腹囲
B1 時間ごとの血糖と瞳孔の大きさ
C1 時間ごとの皮膚の色と毛細血管再充満時間
D膝蓋腱反射、呼吸数、尿量
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient takes regular paracetamol (acetaminophen) at home. Which teaching point best prevents accidental overdose?
AUse paracetamol only on an empty stomach
BTake an extra dose if the first one does not work within 10 minutes
CTake paracetamol with alcohol to improve absorption
DCheck cold and flu remedies, as many also contain paracetamol
12.薬理学むずかしい
Why is strict aseptic technique and a limited hang time needed for propofol infusions?
ALight exposure changes propofol into an opioid
BPropofol breaks down into a toxic gas after a few hours
CPropofol becomes more potent the longer it hangs
DIts lipid emulsion lets bacteria grow if it is contaminated
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Analysis of a pleural effusion shows it is an exudate (high protein and LDH compared with blood). Which cause is most likely?
AHeart failure with raised venous pressure
BNephrotic syndrome with protein lost in urine
CPneumonia or cancer affecting the pleura
DLiver cirrhosis with a low albumin
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
After a car crash, a patient is severely breathless with absent breath sounds on the right, a deviated trachea, distended neck veins and BP 76/40 mmHg. What is the immediate management?
AA chest X-ray to confirm the diagnosis before any treatment
BUrgent needle or finger decompression of the right chest
CLying the patient flat with the legs raised
DInsertion of a urinary catheter to monitor output
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A urine dipstick is positive for nitrites. What does this suggest?
AThe urine has a lot of glucose in it
BThe patient is dehydrated and needs more fluid
CThe kidneys are losing too much protein
DBacteria that convert nitrate are present
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with stable epilepsy on phenytoin started a new medicine last week. They now have nystagmus, an unsteady gait and slurred speech. What should the nurse do?
ASuspect phenytoin toxicity, hold the next dose and ask for a drug level
BGive the next phenytoin dose early to prevent a seizure
CSuspect a new stroke and give aspirin straight away before any scan
DEncourage the patient to walk more to improve their balance
How does a port-wine stain differ from a "stork bite" (salmon patch)?
AA stork bite is a raised tumour that grows quickly
BA port-wine stain does not fade with time
CA port-wine stain always disappears within a year
DA stork bite only occurs in preterm babies
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A newborn is jaundiced at 12 hours of age. The mother is blood group O, Rh-positive and the baby is group A, Rh-positive with a positive direct Coombs test. What is the most likely cause?
AABO incompatibility
BPhysiological jaundice
CBreast milk jaundice
DRh isoimmunisation
21.小児看護ふつう
Which early sign may tell a child with haemophilia that a joint bleed is starting?
AAn itchy feeling on the skin over the elbow
BTingling or warmth in the joint
CA cold, pale hand or foot
DA sudden fever with a rash
22.小児看護むずかしい
A newborn becomes deeply cyanotic within hours of birth and does not improve with oxygen. A prostaglandin infusion is started. What is its purpose?
ATo close the ductus arteriosus and send all blood through the lungs
BTo keep the ductus arteriosus open so that the two circulations can mix
CTo strengthen heart muscle contraction and raise blood pressure
DTo dilate the airways so that oxygen can reach the alveoli
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient taking an antipsychotic is going on a summer day trip. What should the nurse teach?
AStop the medicine for the day so that it does not interact with the sunlight and cause a dangerous reaction
BAvoid all fluids so that there is less need to find a toilet
CDrink enough fluids and avoid overheating, because the medicine can affect temperature control
DExercise as hard as possible in the heat to burn off the extra weight
答え: C · There are too few neutrophils to produce the usual inflammatory signs
これが答えになる理由
Classic signs of infection come from the inflammatory response, which depends on white blood cells. With very few neutrophils, fever may be the only early sign, so it must be taken seriously.
答え
C · There are too few neutrophils to produce the usual inflammatory signs
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Protect the head and turn the patient on their side when possible
これが答えになる理由
During a seizure the nurse protects the patient from injury and turns them to the side to keep the airway clear. Nothing is put in the mouth, movements are not restrained and nothing is given by mouth.
答え
B · Protect the head and turn the patient on their side when possible
答え: C · To rule out septic arthritis, which can rapidly destroy the joint
これが答えになる理由
Septic arthritis can destroy cartilage within days. Aspiration allows microscopy and culture, and helps distinguish infection from crystal arthritis such as gout.
答え
C · To rule out septic arthritis, which can rapidly destroy the joint
答え: D · Check cold and flu remedies, as many also contain paracetamol
これが答えになる理由
Many combination products contain paracetamol, so a patient can take too much without realising. Regular alcohol use and liver disease also increase the risk of liver damage.
答え
D · Check cold and flu remedies, as many also contain paracetamol
12.薬理学
答え: D · Its lipid emulsion lets bacteria grow if it is contaminated
これが答えになる理由
Propofol is formulated in a soybean oil emulsion, which is a good growth medium for bacteria. Contaminated propofol has caused sepsis, so it is handled aseptically and tubing and containers are changed at set intervals.
答え
D · Its lipid emulsion lets bacteria grow if it is contaminated
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Pneumonia or cancer affecting the pleura
これが答えになる理由
Transudates form when hydrostatic or oncotic pressure changes push fluid out of vessels, as in heart failure, cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome. Exudates form when inflammation or tumour makes the pleura leaky, so protein and LDH are high (Light's criteria). Common causes are pneumonia, cancer, TB and pulmonary embolism.
答え
C · Pneumonia or cancer affecting the pleura
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Urgent needle or finger decompression of the right chest
これが答えになる理由
These signs indicate a tension pneumothorax, which causes obstructive shock. It is decompressed immediately (needle or finger thoracostomy) without waiting for an X-ray, followed by a chest drain. The nurse gives high-flow oxygen and calls for senior help.
答え
B · Urgent needle or finger decompression of the right chest
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Bacteria that convert nitrate are present
これが答えになる理由
Many urinary pathogens convert dietary nitrate to nitrite, so a positive nitrite test supports a bacterial UTI. A negative result does not rule infection out. Leucocytes on the dipstick show white cells.
答え
D · Bacteria that convert nitrate are present
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Suspect phenytoin toxicity, hold the next dose and ask for a drug level
これが答えになる理由
Nystagmus, ataxia and slurred speech are classic signs of phenytoin toxicity. Interacting drugs can raise its level. The nurse holds the dose, ensures safety and escalates for a level and a review. A new neurological deficit still needs medical assessment.
答え
A · Suspect phenytoin toxicity, hold the next dose and ask for a drug level
Stork bites on the neck or eyelids are flat pink capillary marks that usually fade. A port-wine stain is a permanent vascular malformation; on the face it may be linked with Sturge–Weber syndrome.
答え
B · A port-wine stain does not fade with time
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · ABO incompatibility
これが答えになる理由
Group O mothers have anti-A and anti-B antibodies that can cross the placenta and haemolyse the red cells of a group A or B baby. Early jaundice with a positive direct Coombs test suggests haemolysis. Both are Rh-positive, so Rh disease is excluded.
答え
A · ABO incompatibility
21.小児看護
答え: B · Tingling or warmth in the joint
これが答えになる理由
Many children with haemophilia feel tingling, warmth or tightness in a joint before pain, swelling and reduced movement develop. Treating early with factor replacement limits joint damage.
答え
B · Tingling or warmth in the joint
22.小児看護
答え: B · To keep the ductus arteriosus open so that the two circulations can mix
これが答えになる理由
In duct-dependent lesions such as transposition of the great arteries, the open ductus lets blood mix between the circulations until surgery. Prostaglandin E1 keeps the duct open; the baby is monitored for apnoea.
答え
B · To keep the ductus arteriosus open so that the two circulations can mix
23.精神看護
答え: C · Drink enough fluids and avoid overheating, because the medicine can affect temperature control
これが答えになる理由
Antipsychotics, especially those with anticholinergic effects, can impair sweating and thermoregulation, increasing the risk of heat stroke. Hydration, shade and avoiding strenuous activity in the heat are advised.
答え
C · Drink enough fluids and avoid overheating, because the medicine can affect temperature control
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
混合後の濃度
500 mg/5 mL = 100 mg/mL
体積
V = 80/100 = 0.8 mL
答え
V = 0.8 mL
28.投与量の計算
答え: R = 30 mL/h
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
40000/1000 = 40 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 1200/40 = 30 mL/h
答え
R = 30 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 20 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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