A patient says, "I've never seen this tablet before," as the nurse offers it. What should the nurse do?
AGive half the tablet until the doctor visits
BReassure the patient that the tablet is correct and give it
CLeave the tablet on the table for the patient to take later
DStop and recheck the prescription before giving it
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
Why must a needlestick injury be reported straight away rather than at the end of the shift?
AThe injury must be documented within ten minutes for the report to be valid
BReporting late means the nurse has to pay for the tests
CPost-exposure prophylaxis works best when it is started as soon as possible
DThe source patient will be discharged soon
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient has leftover opioid tablets after surgery. Which advice about disposal is best?
AReturn them to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site
BKeep them in an unlocked drawer at home in case of future pain
CGive them to a friend or relative who has back pain
DLeave them in the bathroom cabinet indefinitely
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
The laboratory reports that a blood sample labeled with one patient’s name has a blood group different from that patient’s previous result. What is the most likely problem and response?
AA normal change in the patient’s blood group over the years since the last test
BA laboratory machine fault, so no action is needed
CThe previous result was wrong, so it is deleted
DA wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A parent calls to say their toddler has just swallowed drain cleaner. What should the nurse advise?
ADo not make the child vomit; call poison control or emergency services now
BWait to see whether the child develops any symptoms first
CGive a large glass of fizzy drink or milk to dilute the cleaner before calling anyone
DMake the child vomit straight away to bring up the chemical
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
Four laboratory results come back at once. Which one should the nurse report first?
ACreatinine 1.3 mg/dL in an older adult, unchanged from last week
BHemoglobin 6.5 g/dL (65 g/L) in a patient with a GI bleed
CPotassium 3.4 mEq/L in a patient on a diuretic
DGlucose 180 mg/dL after a meal in a patient with diabetes
7.臨床看護学ふつう
新しく造設した結腸ストーマが術後 2 日目に暗紫色から黒色に見えます。これは何を示していますか?
A対応不要の、ストーマの術後の正常な内出血
Bストーマの虚血の可能性があり、至急の評価が必要
C便秘
D正常で健康なストーマ
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with known cirrhosis suddenly vomits large amounts of bright red blood and becomes tachycardic. What is the most likely cause?
ASwallowed blood from a nosebleed
BA Mallory-Weiss tear from a small amount of vomiting
CBleeding from ruptured oesophageal varices
DA lower GI bleed from diverticular disease
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
Which IV fluid can be given through the same line as a red cell transfusion?
A5% dextrose in water
B0.9% sodium chloride
CLactated Ringer's (Hartmann's) solution
D0.45% sodium chloride
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient started methimazole for hyperthyroidism 6 weeks ago and now has a fever and a severe sore throat. Which action is most important?
AAdvise the patient to continue the drug and drink more fluid
BHold the drug and arrange an urgent white cell and neutrophil count
CCheck the TSH and double the dose if it is still low
DGive the next dose and suggest warm salt-water gargles for comfort
答え: D · Stop and recheck the prescription before giving it
これが答えになる理由
A patient questioning a medicine may be a sign of an error. The nurse holds the dose, checks the prescription and the drug and explains before giving it.
答え
D · Stop and recheck the prescription before giving it
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · Post-exposure prophylaxis works best when it is started as soon as possible
これが答えになる理由
After a high-risk exposure, for example to HIV or hepatitis B, preventive treatment is most effective when started early. Prompt reporting also allows the source patient to be assessed.
答え
C · Post-exposure prophylaxis works best when it is started as soon as possible
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Return them to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site
これが答えになる理由
Returning unused opioids to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site is the preferred way to dispose of them. Leftover opioids at home can be misused or taken by children or pets.
答え
A · Return them to a pharmacy or an approved take-back site
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · A wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
これが答えになる理由
A different blood group strongly suggests the sample came from another patient. A new sample is taken with careful bedside identification and labeling, and the event is reported as a serious near miss.
答え
D · A wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Do not make the child vomit; call poison control or emergency services now
これが答えになる理由
Inducing vomiting after a corrosive is swallowed causes more burns to the throat and risks aspiration. The parent should get expert advice and emergency help at once.
答え
A · Do not make the child vomit; call poison control or emergency services now
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Hemoglobin 6.5 g/dL (65 g/L) in a patient with a GI bleed
これが答えになる理由
A hemoglobin of 6.5 g/dL (65 g/L) in a bleeding patient shows severe anemia and may need urgent transfusion. The other results are mildly abnormal or stable.
答え
B · Hemoglobin 6.5 g/dL (65 g/L) in a patient with a GI bleed
答え: C · Bleeding from ruptured oesophageal varices
これが答えになる理由
Portal hypertension in cirrhosis causes oesophageal varices, which can bleed massively. This needs resuscitation, urgent endoscopy and specific drug treatment.
答え
C · Bleeding from ruptured oesophageal varices
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · 0.9% sodium chloride
これが答えになる理由
Only 0.9% sodium chloride is used with red cells. Dextrose solutions can cause hemolysis, and lactated Ringer's contains calcium, which can cause clotting in the citrated blood. Drugs are never added to blood products.
答え
B · 0.9% sodium chloride
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Hold the drug and arrange an urgent white cell and neutrophil count
これが答えになる理由
Methimazole and propylthiouracil can cause agranulocytosis, often in the first months of therapy. Fever or sore throat must be reported at once; the drug is held and a CBC with differential is checked. Infection is treated urgently if neutrophils are low.
答え
B · Hold the drug and arrange an urgent white cell and neutrophil count
11.薬理学
答え: A · アンジオテンシン I からアンジオテンシン II への変換を阻害する
これが答えになる理由
ACE 阻害薬(ラミプリルなど)はアンジオテンシン II を減らし、血管が広がりアルドステロンが減ります。ブラジキニンの分解も減らすため、空咳が起こります。
答え: B · It can still work, because oxygen collects in the nasopharynx
これが答えになる理由
Studies show that mouth breathing still draws in oxygen from the nasopharynx, so nasal cannulae can work. The effect is judged by the SpO₂, and the device is changed if targets are not reached. Cannulae are never placed in the mouth.
答え
B · It can still work, because oxygen collects in the nasopharynx
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · "If I miss a dose, I will take two the next day."
これが答えになる理由
Doubling up after a missed dose can cause over-anticoagulation and bleeding. Patients are usually told to take a missed dose the same day if they remember, or skip it and record it, then seek advice. Regular INR checks, telling other clinicians and checking interactions are correct.
答え
C · "If I miss a dose, I will take two the next day."
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · The time between voids is slowly increased
これが答えになる理由
In bladder training, the patient follows a schedule and gradually lengthens the time between voids while using urge-suppression techniques. Over weeks, bladder capacity and control improve. Very low fluid intake makes urine concentrated and irritating.
答え
D · The time between voids is slowly increased
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · The eye surgeon must be told, as it can cause floppy iris during surgery
これが答えになる理由
Tamsulosin blocks alpha-1A receptors in the iris dilator muscle as well as in the prostate, which can cause intraoperative floppy iris syndrome during cataract surgery. The effect can persist after the drug is stopped, so the surgeon must know in advance to plan the operation. Whether to pause it is a decision for the team.
答え
D · The eye surgeon must be told, as it can cause floppy iris during surgery
答え: D · Review her medicines with her doctor before conception
これが答えになる理由
Preconception review allows a switch to the lowest-risk effective drug, often at the lowest effective dose, and higher-dose folic acid. Most women can breastfeed while taking antiepileptics.
答え
D · Review her medicines with her doctor before conception
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · The baby's glucose will be checked for hypoglycaemia
これが答えになる理由
Babies of mothers with diabetes may have high insulin levels after birth, causing hypoglycaemia. Early, frequent feeding, often skin-to-skin, and glucose monitoring per protocol are standard.
答え
B · The baby's glucose will be checked for hypoglycaemia
21.小児看護
答え: B · Use the reliever as the plan says and contact the doctor if it does not help
これが答えになる理由
In the yellow zone (often 50–80% of personal best), the child follows the plan, usually extra reliever doses, and seeks medical advice if symptoms do not improve. Red-zone symptoms need emergency help.
答え
B · Use the reliever as the plan says and contact the doctor if it does not help
22.小児看護
答え: C · Atlantoaxial instability with spinal cord compression
これが答えになる理由
Children with Down syndrome can have instability between the first two cervical vertebrae. Neck pain, changes in gait, weakness and bladder or bowel changes suggest cord compression and need urgent assessment.
答え
C · Atlantoaxial instability with spinal cord compression
23.精神看護
答え: C · Explaining each procedure in advance and offering choices wherever possible
これが答えになる理由
Trauma-informed care assumes that many patients have trauma histories. It focuses on safety, trust, choice and collaboration, and on avoiding practices that can re-traumatise, such as unnecessary restraint.
答え
C · Explaining each procedure in advance and offering choices wherever possible
24.精神看護
答え: D · 特定できる人物へのリスクはチームと共有しなければならず、その人を守るため、法律と方針に従って開示が必要になることがある
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1 回あたりの容量
1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
全投与期間
V = 5 mL × 3/日 × 5 = 75 mL
答え
V = 75 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 23 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
投与量
D = 20·1.15 = 23 mg
答え
D = 23 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: W = 87.5 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
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