A patient with MRSA in a wound is on contact precautions. Which instruction to the nursing assistant is correct?
ANo special precautions are needed if the wound is covered with a dressing
BWear a respirator mask in the room, because MRSA in a wound spreads through the air to others
COnly wear gloves when touching the wound itself; skin and bedding are safe
DWear a gown and gloves for contact with the patient or the room, and use dedicated equipment
7.臨床看護学ふつう
低ナトリウム血症の患者で特に観察すべきことは?
A鮮やかな赤い発疹
B毛の増加
C混乱、頭痛、けいれん
D難聴
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A nurse teaches a patient with asthma about a new inhaled steroid "preventer". Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will rinse my mouth after using it."
B"I will only use it when I'm wheezy."
C"I will use it every day even when I feel well."
D"I'll keep my reliever inhaler with me."
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient had a total gastrectomy. Which long-term therapy is needed to prevent anemia?
ALifelong vitamin B12 replacement
BMonthly transfusions of red blood cells
CWeekly doses of oral vitamin K tablets
DLifelong oral folic acid tablets only
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient on IV gentamicin has a trough level above the target, and the creatinine has risen since yesterday. The next dose is due. What is the best action?
AGive the dose with extra oral fluids to protect the kidneys
BGive the dose now and recheck the levels next week
CGive half of the dose and document the reason for it
DHold the dose and report the results to the prescriber
11.薬理学ふつう
Which adverse effect is a well-known risk of zidovudine?
AGum overgrowth
BRed–green colour blindness
COrange-red colouring of the urine and tears
DBone marrow suppression, especially anaemia
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient taking digoxin has nausea, yellow-green vision and a dangerous arrhythmia. Which specific treatment can bind the drug?
ADigoxin immune Fab (antibody fragments)
BProtamine sulfate
CFlumazenil
DIntravenous vitamin K (phytomenadione) given slowly
A mother on day 1 is quiet, lets the nurse change the baby and talks repeatedly about the birth. How should the nurse interpret this?
ASigns of postpartum psychosis
BNormal taking-in behaviour
CNormal letting-go behaviour
DRejection of the baby
21.小児看護ふつう
A child has scabies. Which plan is correct?
ATreat only the child, as family members without itching are not infected
BTreat only the itchy areas of skin, not the whole body
CStop treatment as soon as the itch improves on the first day
DTreat the child and all close contacts at the same time, and wash bedding and clothes
22.小児看護むずかしい
A child with a central venous catheter for chemotherapy develops fever and rigors shortly after the line is flushed. What should the nurse suspect?
AA blocked line that needs more forceful flushing
BAn allergy to the saline flush
CA catheter-related bloodstream infection
DA normal reaction to the chemotherapy
23.精神看護ふつう
クロザピンを服用している患者には、何をただちに報告するよう指導すべきですか?
A発熱、のどの痛み、その他の感染のサイン
B夜間の唾液の増加
Cもっと食べたいという願望
D夜の服用後の軽い眠気
24.精神看護むずかしい
A man is found in a city far from home. He cannot remember who he is or how he got there, but his speech and thinking are otherwise normal. Tests show no head injury or intoxication. What is most likely?
AAlzheimer's disease
BA manic episode with poor judgement and impulsive travel
CDissociative amnesia with dissociative fugue
DDelirium
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の身長は 4 ft 6 in です。1 ft = 12 in と 1 in = 2.54 cm を使って、身長 h をセンチメートルで、cm の整数に丸めて求めてください。
4 ft 6 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cm
h = cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴は 12 mcg/min を投与します。この投与速度 D を mg/h で表してください。
12 mcg/min1 h = 60 min1 mg = 1000 mcg
D = mg/h
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 15 kg の子どもに、15 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 25 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
15 kg15 mg/kg25 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
処方は 410 マイクログラムです。アンプルは 0.5 mg/mL を含みます。1 mL の注射器に用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
410 mcg0.5 mg/mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
20 滴/mL の輸液セットで 250 mL を 3 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。 最も近い整数に丸めてください。
250 mL3 h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
バッグに薬剤 4 g が 500 mL 中に含まれています。指示は 1 分あたり 1 mg です。ポンプを何 mL/h の速度 R に設定しますか?
4 g/500 mL1 mg/min
R = mL/h
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 練習用プロトコルでは、体重 79 kg の患者にヘパリン 60 単位/kg をボーラス投与することになっています。バイアルは 1 000 単位/mL です。何 mL V 吸い上げますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
60 個/kg79 kg1 000 個/mL
V = mL
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 400 mg を 250 mL に溶かしたdopamineの輸液が 9 mL/h で投与されています。患者の体重は 103 kg です。患者は何 mcg/kg/min の投与量 D を受けていますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
400 mg/250 mL9 mL/h103 kg
D = mcg/kg/min
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。総摂取量 I を mL で求めてください。
SSKIN stands for Surface, Skin inspection, Keep moving, Incontinence and moisture, and Nutrition and hydration. Regular repositioning relieves pressure on the skin.
答え
A · Keep moving
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · "I'll take the gown off at home after I leave the hospital."
これが答えになる理由
PPE is removed in or at the door of the patient's room and disposed of there, followed by hand hygiene. Wearing it out of the room spreads the organism.
答え
A · "I'll take the gown off at home after I leave the hospital."
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Hold it away from the uniform and place it straight into a linen bag
これが答えになる理由
Soiled linen is rolled up, held away from the uniform and placed directly into a laundry bag at the bedside. Shaking linen spreads organisms into the air, and the floor is a contaminated surface.
答え
B · Hold it away from the uniform and place it straight into a linen bag
答え: D · Wear a gown and gloves for contact with the patient or the room, and use dedicated equipment
これが答えになる理由
MRSA spreads through direct contact and contaminated surfaces. Gown and gloves, hand hygiene and dedicated equipment prevent transmission; a respirator is not needed for contact precautions.
答え
D · Wear a gown and gloves for contact with the patient or the room, and use dedicated equipment
Inhaled corticosteroids must be used regularly to reduce airway inflammation and prevent attacks. The short-acting reliever is used for symptoms.
答え
B · "I will only use it when I'm wheezy."
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Lifelong vitamin B12 replacement
これが答えになる理由
Intrinsic factor from the stomach is needed to absorb vitamin B12 in the ileum. After a total gastrectomy, B12 must be replaced for life, usually by injection, to prevent macrocytic anemia and nerve damage.
答え
A · Lifelong vitamin B12 replacement
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Hold the dose and report the results to the prescriber
これが答えになる理由
A high aminoglycoside trough with rising creatinine means the drug is accumulating, which increases the risk of kidney damage and hearing loss. The nurse holds the dose, reports to the prescriber and asks about hearing changes and tinnitus. Only the prescriber or pharmacist changes the regimen.
答え
D · Hold the dose and report the results to the prescriber
11.薬理学
答え: D · Bone marrow suppression, especially anaemia
これが答えになる理由
Zidovudine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, can cause anaemia and neutropenia. Blood counts are checked regularly during treatment.
答え
D · Bone marrow suppression, especially anaemia
12.薬理学
答え: A · Digoxin immune Fab (antibody fragments)
これが答えになる理由
Digoxin immune Fab binds digoxin in the blood and makes it inactive. It is used for life-threatening toxicity, such as serious arrhythmias or severe hyperkalaemia.
答え: A · Changes in mood, such as irritability, low mood or anger
これが答えになる理由
Levetiracetam is widely used and has few drug interactions, but it can cause mood changes, irritability, depression and, rarely, suicidal thoughts. Patients and families should report these. Gum overgrowth is linked to phenytoin.
答え
A · Changes in mood, such as irritability, low mood or anger
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Start sepsis care at once, with IV antibiotics and fluids
これが答えになる理由
These findings suggest sepsis from a urinary source. Blood cultures, lactate, IV antibiotics within the hour, IV fluids and close monitoring of urine output are started, and senior review is requested.
答え
D · Start sepsis care at once, with IV antibiotics and fluids
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Soon after an acute soft tissue injury, to reduce swelling
これが答えになる理由
Cold reduces swelling, bleeding and nerve conduction in acute injuries. It is wrapped and applied for short periods and avoided on areas with poor circulation or sensation. Heat is better for muscle spasm and stiffness.
答え
B · Soon after an acute soft tissue injury, to reduce swelling
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Withhold strong compression and discuss urgent vascular referral
これが答えになる理由
An ABPI of 0.5 suggests severe arterial disease, and strong compression could cause limb ischaemia. The nurse raises the concern and the patient is referred to vascular specialists.
答え
D · Withhold strong compression and discuss urgent vascular referral
In the first day or two, dependence, passivity and retelling the birth story are typical of the taking-in phase. The nurse supports rest and comfort and reassesses bonding later.
答え
B · Normal taking-in behaviour
21.小児看護
答え: D · Treat the child and all close contacts at the same time, and wash bedding and clothes
これが答えになる理由
All household and close contacts are treated at the same time, even without symptoms, because itching can take weeks to develop. The cream or lotion is applied to the whole body as directed, and itching may persist for a few weeks after successful treatment.
答え
D · Treat the child and all close contacts at the same time, and wash bedding and clothes
22.小児看護
答え: C · A catheter-related bloodstream infection
これが答えになる理由
Fever and rigors linked to flushing or use of a central line strongly suggest line infection. Blood cultures are taken (often from the line and a peripheral vein) and IV antibiotics are started urgently, especially if the child is neutropenic.
答え: C · Dissociative amnesia with dissociative fugue
これが答えになる理由
In dissociative fugue, the person travels away and cannot recall their identity or past, usually after a stressful event. Medical causes such as head injury, seizures and substances must be ruled out first.
答え
C · Dissociative amnesia with dissociative fugue
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: h = 137 cm
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
インチでの身長
4·12 + 6 = 54 in
インチからセンチメートルへ
h = 54·2.54 = 137.2 ≈ 137 cm
答え
h = 137 cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: D = 0.72 mg/h
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).