An IV cannula site is swollen, cool and pale, and the infusion has slowed. What should the nurse do first?
AStop the infusion and remove the cannula
BFlush the cannula hard with saline
CApply a warm pack and keep the infusion running
DIncrease the infusion rate to clear the blockage
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
At the start of a shift, which task should the nurse do first?
AGive the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
BOrder supplies for the ward store room
CUpdate the ward whiteboard with the names of all the new patients
DChange the bed linen of a patient who is going home
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Why does a nurse wear chemotherapy-tested gloves and a gown when emptying the urinal of a patient who recently had chemotherapy?
AThe body fluids can contain active drug for a time after treatment
BChemotherapy makes the urine strongly acidic and corrosive
CThe patient is on airborne precautions after treatment
DThe urine always contains infectious bacteria after chemotherapy
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
Why can a patient with severe neutropenia have a serious infection but little redness, swelling or pus?
ANeutropenia makes infections stay limited to the skin
BThere are too few neutrophils to produce the usual inflammatory signs
CAntibiotics given with chemotherapy hide all signs of infection
DChemotherapy kills the bacteria before they can multiply
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A nurse cannot read part of a medication order. What should the nurse do?
AContact the prescriber to clarify the order before giving the drug
BSkip the drug and not tell anyone until the next ward round
CGive the usual dose of the drug the nurse thinks was meant
DAsk another nurse to guess what the order most likely says, then give it
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A medical-unit nurse is floated to intensive care and given a patient on a ventilator, which the nurse has never managed. What is the best response?
ATell the charge nurse about the gap, accept tasks within competence and ask for support
BRefuse to work and go home, because the assignment is unsafe
CAccept the full assignment without comment to avoid conflict
DLeave the intensive care unit and go back to the medical unit without telling anyone
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient with leukaemia has a very low platelet count. Which nursing precaution is appropriate?
AGive medicines by intramuscular injection
BTake temperatures rectally
CEncourage contact sports to keep fit
DUse a soft toothbrush and an electric razor
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A healthcare assistant reports four observations. Which one needs the nurse's immediate action?
A"Mr Chen's blood pressure is 128/80 as usual."
B"Mr Patel's breathing rate is 8 a minute and he's hard to wake."
C"Mrs Jones would like a cup of tea and her glasses cleaned."
D"Ms Ali has walked to the bathroom on her own."
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient with diabetes also takes propranolol. Why is regular glucose monitoring especially important?
AThe drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
BThe drug causes very high glucose in all patients
CThe drug stops the meter from reading correctly
DThe drug blocks the insulin injection site
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
The nurse teaches a patient with severe neutropenia after chemotherapy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll avoid people who have a cold or the flu"
B"I'll call the clinic if my temperature rises"
C"I'll wash my hands before eating and after the toilet"
D"I'll check my temperature rectally to be accurate"
11.薬理学ふつう
During an infusion of a vesicant chemotherapy drug, the patient reports burning, and the site is swollen. What should the nurse do first?
AFlush the line with a large volume of saline
BStop the infusion, leave the cannula in and follow the protocol
CIncrease the infusion rate to finish quickly
DRemove the cannula at once and massage the area firmly
12.薬理学むずかしい
Why is strict aseptic technique and a limited hang time needed for propofol infusions?
APropofol becomes more potent the longer it hangs
BIts lipid emulsion lets bacteria grow if it is contaminated
CLight exposure changes propofol into an opioid
DPropofol breaks down into a toxic gas after a few hours
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why is a raised serum lactate concerning in a patient with shock?
AIt shows only that the patient has eaten a large meal in the past hour
BIt suggests tissues are short of oxygen and using anaerobic metabolism
CIt confirms a bacterial infection is present
DIt means the kidneys are working harder than normal to clear fluid
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with a confirmed type A aortic dissection is hypertensive and tachycardic while awaiting surgery. Which drug class is usually given first to lower the heart rate and blood pressure?
AAn intravenous beta-blocker
BAn intravenous thrombolytic
COral aspirin
DAn intravenous fluid bolus
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Which statement about giving IV potassium is correct?
AIt is safest given through a small vein in the hand at a fast rate
BIt can be given quickly as a push to correct the level fast
CIt is diluted and given through an infusion pump, never as a bolus
DIt needs no monitoring at all once the infusion is running
Why is an SGLT2 inhibitor such as dapagliflozin usually withheld before surgery?
AIt interacts with all general anaesthetic gases and stops them working
BIt makes the patient's potassium dangerously high
CIt raises the risk of ketoacidosis, even with near-normal glucose
DIt causes the surgical wound to bleed more
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Which placental hormone causes insulin resistance in the second half of pregnancy?
AOxytocin
BHuman placental lactogen (hPL)
CHuman chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
DRelaxin
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
新生児蘇生で、胸骨圧迫が適応となるのはいつですか?
A換気をまだ行っていなくても、生後 1 分で心拍数が 120 回/分未満のとき
B少なくとも 30 秒間の効果的な換気にもかかわらず、心拍数が 60 回/分未満のままのとき
Cアプガースコアが 7 未満のときは常に
D出生時に赤ちゃんが泣かないとすぐ
21.小児看護ふつう
A child's tonic–clonic seizure has stopped and she is drowsy. What should the nurse do?
APlace her in the recovery position and monitor airway and breathing
BGive her a drink straight away to prevent dehydration
CLeave her alone in a dark room to sleep it off
DWake her fully every few minutes and ask her to stand up and walk around
22.小児看護むずかしい
A mother says her 3-month-old broke his thigh bone by crawling off the bed. What should concern the nurse?
ABabies of this age often crawl and fall
BThigh fractures are common in young infants with soft bones
CThe explanation does not fit the baby's stage of development
DThe fracture is too small to need treatment and will heal by itself
23.精神看護ふつう
Which criteria are needed for a diagnosis of intellectual disability?
AAn IQ score alone, measured at any time in adult life
BProblems with reading only, with normal everyday functioning
CLimits in both intellectual and adaptive functioning, starting in childhood
DMemory loss and confusion that start for the first time after the age of 65
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient with schizophrenia has marked negative symptoms. He stays in bed most of the day and neglects his hygiene. Which nursing approach is most helpful?
ATell him firmly that he will lose his ward privileges unless he gets up and showers at once
BAgree a simple daily routine with small, achievable activities and give positive feedback
CWait until he asks to join activities before involving him
DLet him stay in bed, because negative symptoms cannot change
These are signs of infiltration. The infusion is stopped, the cannula removed, the limb elevated and the event documented. A new cannula is sited elsewhere if still needed.
答え
A · Stop the infusion and remove the cannula
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Give the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
これが答えになる理由
In sepsis antibiotics are time-critical, and every hour of delay increases the risk of death. Routine tasks are done afterwards.
答え
A · Give the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · The body fluids can contain active drug for a time after treatment
これが答えになる理由
Many hazardous drugs are excreted in urine, stool and vomit for a period after treatment. Staff wear protective gloves and gowns when handling these fluids, according to policy.
答え
A · The body fluids can contain active drug for a time after treatment
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · There are too few neutrophils to produce the usual inflammatory signs
これが答えになる理由
Classic signs of infection come from the inflammatory response, which depends on white blood cells. With very few neutrophils, fever may be the only early sign, so it must be taken seriously.
答え
B · There are too few neutrophils to produce the usual inflammatory signs
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Contact the prescriber to clarify the order before giving the drug
これが答えになる理由
An unclear order must be clarified with the prescriber before the medication is given. Guessing or ignoring the order can harm the patient.
答え
A · Contact the prescriber to clarify the order before giving the drug
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Tell the charge nurse about the gap, accept tasks within competence and ask for support
これが答えになる理由
A nurse should clearly state the limits of their competence and ask for an assignment or support that keeps patients safe. Leaving without handover would be patient abandonment.
答え
A · Tell the charge nurse about the gap, accept tasks within competence and ask for support
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Use a soft toothbrush and an electric razor
これが答えになる理由
Thrombocytopenia increases bleeding risk. Gentle oral care, electric razors and avoiding IM injections and rectal procedures help prevent bleeding.
答え
D · Use a soft toothbrush and an electric razor
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · "Mr Patel's breathing rate is 8 a minute and he's hard to wake."
これが答えになる理由
A low respiratory rate with reduced consciousness suggests respiratory depression, for example from opioids. It needs immediate assessment and escalation.
答え
B · "Mr Patel's breathing rate is 8 a minute and he's hard to wake."
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · The drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
これが答えになる理由
Beta-blockers, especially nonselective ones, blunt adrenergic warning signs of hypoglycemia such as tremor and tachycardia, and they can delay recovery. Sweating usually remains. Glucose checks help detect lows that the patient may not feel.確認に用いた資料:Low blood sugar · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
A · The drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · "I'll check my temperature rectally to be accurate"
これが答えになる理由
Rectal temperatures, suppositories and enemas are avoided in neutropenia, because injury to the rectal mucosa can let bacteria into the blood. Prompt reporting of fever, hand hygiene and avoiding sick contacts are correct.
答え
D · "I'll check my temperature rectally to be accurate"
11.薬理学
答え: B · Stop the infusion, leave the cannula in and follow the protocol
これが答えになる理由
Suspected extravasation of a vesicant is an emergency. The infusion is stopped, the cannula is left in so that drug can be aspirated, and the protocol, which may include an antidote and cold or warm packs, is followed.
答え
B · Stop the infusion, leave the cannula in and follow the protocol
12.薬理学
答え: B · Its lipid emulsion lets bacteria grow if it is contaminated
これが答えになる理由
Propofol is formulated in a soybean oil emulsion, which is a good growth medium for bacteria. Contaminated propofol has caused sepsis, so it is handled aseptically and tubing and containers are changed at set intervals.
答え
B · Its lipid emulsion lets bacteria grow if it is contaminated
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · It suggests tissues are short of oxygen and using anaerobic metabolism
これが答えになる理由
When tissues are poorly perfused, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism and produce lactate. A raised lactate is a marker of tissue hypoperfusion and severity in sepsis and shock. Repeated measurements show whether treatment is working.
答え
B · It suggests tissues are short of oxygen and using anaerobic metabolism
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · An intravenous beta-blocker
これが答えになる理由
In acute dissection, IV beta-blockers are usually given first to reduce heart rate and the rate of rise of pressure, limiting extension of the tear. Vasodilators may follow once the heart rate is controlled. Antiplatelets, anticoagulants and thrombolytics are avoided. Type A dissection needs urgent surgery.
答え
A · An intravenous beta-blocker
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · It is diluted and given through an infusion pump, never as a bolus
これが答えになる理由
Concentrated potassium given quickly can cause fatal arrhythmias. IV potassium is given in a diluted, ready-made solution through an infusion pump at a controlled rate, with monitoring of potassium and, at higher rates, the ECG.
答え
C · It is diluted and given through an infusion pump, never as a bolus
答え: C · It raises the risk of ketoacidosis, even with near-normal glucose
これが答えになる理由
SGLT2 inhibitors can cause euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis around fasting and surgery. They are usually paused before surgery as advised, and ketones are checked if the patient becomes unwell.
答え
C · It raises the risk of ketoacidosis, even with near-normal glucose
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Human placental lactogen (hPL)
これが答えになる理由
Human placental lactogen, together with other placental hormones, reduces maternal insulin sensitivity so more glucose is available to the fetus. This is why gestational diabetes usually appears in the second half of pregnancy.
答え
B · Human placental lactogen (hPL)
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · 少なくとも 30 秒間の効果的な換気にもかかわらず、心拍数が 60 回/分未満のままのとき
答え: A · Place her in the recovery position and monitor airway and breathing
これが答えになる理由
After a seizure, the child is placed on her side to keep the airway clear and let saliva drain. Breathing, colour and level of response are monitored, and nothing is given by mouth until she is fully alert.
答え
A · Place her in the recovery position and monitor airway and breathing
22.小児看護
答え: C · The explanation does not fit the baby's stage of development
これが答えになる理由
A 3-month-old cannot crawl, and femur fractures in non-mobile infants are rare without major force. A history that does not match the injury or the child's development is a key indicator of possible abuse, so safeguarding procedures are followed.
答え
C · The explanation does not fit the baby's stage of development
23.精神看護
答え: C · Limits in both intellectual and adaptive functioning, starting in childhood
これが答えになる理由
Intellectual disability requires limitations in intellectual functions and in adaptive functioning, such as communication, self-care and social skills, starting in childhood. Severity is based mainly on adaptive functioning.
答え
C · Limits in both intellectual and adaptive functioning, starting in childhood
24.精神看護
答え: B · Agree a simple daily routine with small, achievable activities and give positive feedback
これが答えになる理由
Negative symptoms such as avolition and anhedonia improve with structure, step-by-step goals and encouragement. Punishment or waiting for the patient to start on his own usually makes withdrawal worse.
答え
B · Agree a simple daily routine with small, achievable activities and give positive feedback
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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