Which stool sample is suitable for Clostridioides difficile testing?
AA hard, formed stool collected first thing in the morning
BA dry smear of stool on a tissue
CA loose stool that takes the shape of the container
DA stool sample mixed with urine
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
病棟の患者が急に反応しなくなり、普段どおりの呼吸をしていません。最初の行動は?
A患者を横向きにして観察する
B血圧を測る
C助けを呼び、心肺蘇生を始める
Dまず血糖を確認する
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
When should the transparent dressing over a peripheral IV site be changed?
AEvery hour, so the site can be cleaned again
BOnly when the IV catheter is removed, whatever its state
CWhen it is damp, loose or visibly soiled
DOnly when the patient asks for a new dressing
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
Why can a patient with severe neutropenia have a serious infection but little redness, swelling or pus?
ANeutropenia makes infections stay limited to the skin
BChemotherapy kills the bacteria before they can multiply
CThere are too few neutrophils to produce the usual inflammatory signs
DAntibiotics given with chemotherapy hide all signs of infection
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
On the first day after abdominal surgery, a patient has a temperature of 37.9 °C and reduced breath sounds at the lung bases. Which nursing action is most helpful?
AKeep the patient lying flat in bed to rest the incision fully
BGive a cough suppressant so that the incision is not strained
CRestrict oral fluids so that the lungs do not fill up with extra fluid
DEncourage deep breathing, coughing and use of the incentive spirometer
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
LPN/LVN が、安定していた患者に新たな胸痛が出たと報告しました。RN はどうすべきですか?
ALPN/LVN に対応を任せ、勤務終了時に報告するよう頼む
Bアセスメントなしに、頓用のニトログリセリンを投与するよう LPN/LVN に伝える
C自ら患者をアセスメントし、次のステップを決める
D看護助手に心電図を記録させて、結果を待つ
7.臨床看護学ふつう
β遮断薬を投与する前に確認すべき最も重要な観察項目は?
A心拍数と血圧
B血糖だけ
C体温だけ
D排便
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
頭部外傷の患者で、血圧上昇、心拍数低下、不規則な呼吸がみられます。これが示すのは?
Aパニック発作
B隠れた体内出血による循環血液量減少性ショック
C頭蓋内圧亢進(クッシング三徴)
D敗血症
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient's eGFR has fallen to 24 mL/min/1.73 m². Which prescribed drug should the nurse question before giving it?
ALevothyroxine
BAcetaminophen (paracetamol)
CMetformin
DInsulin glargine
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient on clozapine reports a sore throat and fever. The ANC is 400/µL (0.4 × 10⁹/L). What should the nurse do?
AHalve the dose and give it with a throat lozenge
BHold the clozapine and report the result at once
CGive the next dose and recheck the ANC next month
DGive the dose with food to protect the stomach
11.薬理学ふつう
Which rule applies to intravenous potassium chloride?
AIt is mixed into blood products to save time
BIt is given as a rapid IV push to correct low levels quickly
CIt may be given intramuscularly if there is no IV access
DIt must be diluted and given as an infusion, never as an IV push
A young patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy asks why they are told to avoid dehydration. What is the best explanation?
ADehydration makes the heart muscle grow thicker within a few hours
BFluids dissolve the extra muscle in the heart wall
CLow blood volume can worsen obstruction of blood leaving the heart
DDehydration is the cause of the inherited condition
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
An older patient with three rib fractures is breathing shallowly and refuses to cough because of pain. What is the priority intervention?
AKeep the patient flat and still in bed until the pain settles
BEffective analgesia so they can breathe deeply and cough
CWithhold analgesia to avoid depressing breathing
DStrap the chest tightly with bandages to stop the ribs moving
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A urine dipstick is positive for nitrites. What does this suggest?
ABacteria that convert nitrate are present
BThe urine has a lot of glucose in it
CThe patient is dehydrated and needs more fluid
DThe kidneys are losing too much protein
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
The day after a lumbar puncture, a patient has a headache that is severe when standing and almost gone when lying flat. Temperature and neck movement are normal. What is the most likely cause?
ABacterial meningitis from the procedure
BPost-dural puncture headache
CA migraine triggered by stress
DA subarachnoid haemorrhage
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
A patient has taken oral prednisolone daily for many months. Why is this important before surgery?
ASteroids prevent all wound infections after surgery
BThey may need extra steroid cover to prevent an adrenal crisis
CSteroids must always be stopped a full week before any type of surgery
DSteroids make the anaesthetic drugs last much longer
Why is it important to do newborn bloodspot screening at the recommended time rather than in the first hours?
AThe heel cannot be pricked until the cord falls off
BThe baby's blood cannot be sampled before day 3
CSome results, such as PKU, need milk feeds first
DEarlier testing always gives false negatives for all conditions
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
After a severe postpartum haemorrhage, a woman cannot breastfeed because her milk does not come in, and she feels very tired. Which condition should be suspected?
AMastitis
BPostpartum thyroiditis
CSheehan syndrome
DBreast engorgement
21.小児看護ふつう
MMR などの生ワクチンを一般に接種すべきでない子どもはどれですか?
A化学療法中など、重度の免疫抑制状態の子ども
B合併症のない中耳炎のため、現在抗菌薬を内服している子ども
C軽い風邪の子ども
Dきょうだいが風邪をひいている子ども
22.小児看護むずかしい
The nurse has taught the family of a 7-year-old with coeliac disease. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"He can eat normal bread at weekends if he's strict in the week."
B"We will check food labels for wheat, barley and rye."
C"We will use a separate toaster for his gluten-free bread."
D"Plain rice and potatoes are fine for him."
23.精神看護ふつう
ジスルフィラムを服用している患者には、何を指導すべきですか?
A少量のビールは安全である
B1 回の服用でアルコール依存症が治る
C一部の洗口液やソースなどに隠れたものも含め、すべてのアルコールを避ける
Dアルコールを飲んだときにだけ効くので、毎日少量のワインが必要である
24.精神看護むずかしい
ECT の直後、患者は回復室で眠そうにしています。看護の優先事項は何ですか?
Aすぐにたっぷり朝食を与える
B気道を確保し、患者を横向きにして、バイタルサインをモニタリングする
C永続的な障害がないか確かめるため、長期記憶を詳しくテストする
D患者に 1 人で病棟まで歩いて戻るよう頼む
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 少量の注射の投与量の計算結果は 0.26626 mL です。 この練習問題のルールは「1 mL未満の容量は、mLの小数第2位に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
0.26626 mL
x = mL
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者が1勤務帯の間に ½ tbsp / 液体サプリメント, 3 tsp / 咳止めシロップ, ½ fl oz / ジュース を摂取しました。与えられた換算値を使って、経口摂取量の合計 V を mL で求めてください。
1 tbsp = 15 mL1 tsp = 5 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL
V = mL
27.投与量の計算ふつう
アドレナリン(エピネフリン)のアンプルに 1:1000(1 mg/mL)と表示されています。指示はアナフィラキシーに対する 0.5 mg の筋注(IM)です。吸い上げる量 V はいくらですか?
1:10000.5 mg
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
点滴は 250 mL 中に薬を 25000 単位含みます。指示は 1 時間あたり 1000 単位です。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか?
25000 個/250 mL1000 個/h
R = mL/h
29.点滴速度ふつう
15 滴/mL の輸液セットで 500 mL を 2 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。 最も近い整数に丸めてください。
500 mL2 h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
1500 mL を 8 時間で投与するよう指示されています。4 時間後、バッグにまだ 890 mL 残っていることがわかりましたが、予定どおりの時間に終える必要があります。 元のポンプ速度を何パーセント Δ 上げる必要がありますか?
1500 mL / 8 h経過時間 4 h: 890 mL
Δ = %
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 速効型インスリン 100 単位を 100 mL に溶かした輸液が 4 mL/h で投与されています。患者は 1 時間あたり何単位 D 受けていますか?
100 個/100 mL4 mL/h
D = 個/h
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 バッグには dopamine 400 mg が 250 mL 中に含まれています。体重 58 kg の患者に 5 mcg/kg/min の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
400 mg/250 mL5 mcg/kg/min58 kg
R = mL/h
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 12 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。患者の体重は 46 kg です。平均尿量 U を mL/kg/h で求めてください。 小数第 2 位まで四捨五入してください。
46 kg12 h尿: 425 mL尿: 475 mL尿: 450 mL創部ドレーン: 40 mL
U = mL/kg/h
34.輸液と水分出納むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 1000 mL のバッグをポンプで 150 mL/h で投与しています。09:00 の時点で 700 mL がすでに投与されています。バッグが空になるまであと何時間 t ですか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
答え: C · A loose stool that takes the shape of the container
これが答えになる理由
Only diarrhoeal stool (types 5–7 on the Bristol Stool Chart) is tested for C. difficile. The sample is collected in a clean pot without urine contamination.
答え
C · A loose stool that takes the shape of the container
A dressing that is wet, loose or dirty no longer protects the insertion site and is changed using aseptic technique. Otherwise, it is changed according to policy.
答え
C · When it is damp, loose or visibly soiled
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · There are too few neutrophils to produce the usual inflammatory signs
これが答えになる理由
Classic signs of infection come from the inflammatory response, which depends on white blood cells. With very few neutrophils, fever may be the only early sign, so it must be taken seriously.
答え
C · There are too few neutrophils to produce the usual inflammatory signs
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and use of the incentive spirometer
これが答えになる理由
Reduced basal breath sounds and a mild temperature early after surgery often mean atelectasis. Deep breathing, coughing, incentive spirometry and early mobilization help re-expand the lungs.
答え
D · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and use of the incentive spirometer
Metformin is cleared by the kidneys, and it is contraindicated when the eGFR is below 30 mL/min/1.73 m² because of the risk of lactic acidosis. Insulin doses may also need adjustment, but insulin is not contraindicated.
答え
C · Metformin
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Hold the clozapine and report the result at once
これが答えになる理由
An ANC below 500/µL is severe neutropenia, and with fever and sore throat it suggests a serious infection. Clozapine is held, the provider is told immediately, and infection is assessed and treated. A nurse never changes a dose without a prescription.
答え
B · Hold the clozapine and report the result at once
11.薬理学
答え: D · It must be diluted and given as an infusion, never as an IV push
これが答えになる理由
Concentrated potassium given as a bolus can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias. It is always diluted and given at a controlled rate, usually with an infusion pump.
答え
D · It must be diluted and given as an infusion, never as an IV push
答え: C · Low blood volume can worsen obstruction of blood leaving the heart
これが答えになる理由
In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a thickened septum can obstruct the left ventricular outflow tract, and the obstruction worsens when the ventricle is underfilled. Dehydration, vasodilators and strenuous exertion can trigger symptoms or arrhythmias. It is a cause of sudden cardiac death in young people.
答え
C · Low blood volume can worsen obstruction of blood leaving the heart
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Effective analgesia so they can breathe deeply and cough
これが答えになる理由
Pain from rib fractures causes shallow breathing and poor coughing, leading to atelectasis and pneumonia, especially in older adults. Good analgesia (sometimes regional blocks), deep breathing, coughing with support and early mobilisation are key. Chest strapping restricts breathing and is not used.
答え
B · Effective analgesia so they can breathe deeply and cough
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Bacteria that convert nitrate are present
これが答えになる理由
Many urinary pathogens convert dietary nitrate to nitrite, so a positive nitrite test supports a bacterial UTI. A negative result does not rule infection out. Leucocytes on the dipstick show white cells.
答え
A · Bacteria that convert nitrate are present
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Post-dural puncture headache
これが答えになる理由
A positional headache after a lumbar puncture, without fever or neck stiffness, fits a CSF leak. It is managed with rest, fluids, analgesia and caffeine, and an epidural blood patch if it persists. Fever or neck stiffness would suggest infection instead.
答え
B · Post-dural puncture headache
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · They may need extra steroid cover to prevent an adrenal crisis
これが答えになる理由
Long-term steroids suppress the adrenal glands, so they cannot raise cortisol in response to surgical stress. Extra steroid cover may be prescribed, and steroids are not stopped suddenly. Healing may also be slower.
答え
B · They may need extra steroid cover to prevent an adrenal crisis
答え: C · Some results, such as PKU, need milk feeds first
これが答えになる理由
Phenylalanine builds up only after the baby has had milk feeds, so very early samples can miss PKU. Programmes specify timing, and early samples may need repeating.
答え
C · Some results, such as PKU, need milk feeds first
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Sheehan syndrome
これが答えになる理由
Sheehan syndrome is pituitary necrosis from severe blood loss and hypotension. Low prolactin causes lactation failure, and other hormone deficiencies cause fatigue, low blood pressure and absent periods.
答え: A · "He can eat normal bread at weekends if he's strict in the week."
これが答えになる理由
Even small amounts of gluten damage the gut lining in coeliac disease, so the diet must be strict and lifelong. Avoiding cross-contamination, reading labels and using naturally gluten-free foods are correct.
答え
A · "He can eat normal bread at weekends if he's strict in the week."
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
各項目(mL)
½ tbsp = 0.5·15 = 7.5 mL
3 tsp = 3·5 = 15 mL
½ fl oz = 0.5·30 = 15 mL
足す
V = 7.5 + 15 + 15 = 37.5 mL
答え
V = 37.5 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 0.5 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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