A small fire starts in a patient's room. What is the first action?
AMove the patient away from immediate danger
BOpen the windows to let out the smoke
CGo and find the fire safety officer to ask what should be done
DTry to put out the fire with water
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
薬のバイアルと注射器の取り扱いで、安全な実践はどれですか?
A新しい針を付ければ、注射器を再使用する
Bバイアルに針を刺すたびに、新しい滅菌済みの針と注射器を使う
C後で使うために、バイアルのゴム栓に針を刺したままにする
D洗い流せば、同じ注射器を2人の患者に使う
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient’s white cell differential shows a raised number of band (immature) neutrophils, called a “shift to the left”. What does this usually suggest?
AA typical viral infection
BA long-standing parasitic infection
CAn acute bacterial infection
DAn allergic reaction
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient with a valid do-not-resuscitate order (DNR; called DNACPR in the UK) stops breathing and has no pulse. What should the nurse do?
ACall the cardiac arrest team and let them decide
BFollow the DNR order and do not start CPR
CStart chest compressions but not rescue breaths
DStart CPR and stop when the family arrives
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient with known abdominal aortic aneurysm suddenly has severe back pain, a pulsing mass in the abdomen and a falling blood pressure. What should the nurse do?
AGive an oral analgesic and reassess the patient in about one hour
BEncourage the patient to walk to ease the back pain
CCall for emergency help at once and prepare for urgent surgery
DPalpate the mass firmly to check its size and spread
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Why must levodopa for Parkinson's disease be given at the exact times prescribed in hospital?
ALate doses cause dangerous high potassium
BEarly doses cause severe low blood glucose and sweating attacks
CDelays can quickly worsen rigidity, immobility and swallowing
DThe drug only works if taken at midnight
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Which nursing measure helps reduce raised intracranial pressure?
ATilting the patient head-down
BFrequent suctioning and encouraging strong coughing
CRaising the head of the bed to about 30° with the head kept midline
DLying the patient flat with the neck flexed forward on two pillows
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient starts lisinopril (an ACE inhibitor). Which laboratory values should the nurse expect to be monitored?
ATSH and free T4
BALT and bilirubin
CPotassium and creatinine
DCalcium and phosphate
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with ongoing hemolytic anemia has an HbA1c of 4.6%, but home glucose readings are often 180–220 mg/dL (10–12 mmol/L). What best explains the gap?
AHemolysis makes the HbA1c test read too high
BThe patient has true, well-controlled diabetes
CThe home glucose meter is reading falsely high
DShort red cell life span lowers the HbA1c falsely
11.薬理学ふつう
Which approach is usually recommended to prevent constipation in a patient on regular opioids?
AA stimulant laxative such as senna, often with a stool softener
BNo laxative until the patient has not opened the bowels for a week
CAn antidiarrhoeal drug at night to slow the gut
DBulk-forming fibre alone, with fluid intake restricted
12.薬理学むずかしい
Which heart failure drug improves symptoms and reduces hospital admissions but has not been shown to reduce mortality?
AAn ACE inhibitor
BA beta blocker such as bisoprolol
CA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist such as spironolactone
DDigoxin
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
重症のCOPD患者が、少量ずつ頻回に食べるよう勧められるのはなぜですか?
A頻回の食事は胸部感染症を直接予防するから
B大量の食事で気道が恒久的に狭くなるから
C胃が満たされると横隔膜が制限され、食べること自体が疲れるから
D少量の食事は吸入器が必要な回数を減らすから
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient being treated for infective endocarditis of the mitral valve suddenly develops slurred speech and weakness of the right arm. What is the most likely cause?
AA side effect of the IV antibiotic on the nerves
BLow blood glucose from a reduced appetite
CA migraine aura triggered by the fever
DAn embolus from a valve vegetation causing a stroke
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A man starts tamsulosin for BPH. Which teaching point is most important?
AExpect the drug to shrink the prostate within a day
BTake it with grapefruit juice to make it work better
CStop it if the urine stream improves
DStand up slowly, because it can make you dizzy
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with untreated end-stage kidney disease has chest pain that is worse lying flat and better sitting forward. A rub is heard over the heart. What is most likely?
AUraemic pericarditis, which usually needs urgent dialysis
BA stable angina attack, which needs only a nitrate spray and rest
CA rib fracture from coughing
DIndigestion from phosphate binders
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
A patient has taken oral prednisolone daily for many months. Why is this important before surgery?
ASteroids make the anaesthetic drugs last much longer
BSteroids must always be stopped a full week before any type of surgery
CThey may need extra steroid cover to prevent an adrenal crisis
DSteroids prevent all wound infections after surgery
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
Four patients are on a gastroenterology ward. Which should the nurse see first?
AA patient with GORD who wants an antacid
BA patient with an ileostomy waiting to change the pouch
CA patient with stable ulcerative colitis asking about diet
DA patient with cirrhosis who is newly confused and drowsy
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman with hypothyroidism becomes pregnant. What usually happens to her levothyroxine needs?
AThey usually rise, so levels are checked early
BShe switches to iodine tablets instead
CThey stay the same, so no monitoring is needed
DThey decrease to zero, so she stops the drug
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Routine screening at the booking visit shows asymptomatic bacteriuria. Why is treatment important even though the woman has no symptoms?
AIt will cause gestational diabetes later in the pregnancy if left untreated
BIt is treated only to prevent bladder stones
CTreatment is not needed because it will settle after birth
DIt can progress to pyelonephritis and trigger preterm labour
Which risk applies when antipsychotics are used in older people with dementia?
AImproved memory within a few days
BA lower risk of falls than with no medicine at all
CA guaranteed cure of the dementia
DAn increased risk of stroke and death
24.精神看護むずかしい
The family of a patient with schizophrenia asks how they can tell if he is becoming unwell again. Which signs should the nurse teach them to watch for?
ATalking more openly with his family about his feelings and his plans for the future
BA better appetite and more interest in his hobbies
CPoor sleep, withdrawal from others and increasing suspiciousness
DMild dry mouth in the first week of a new medicine
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 投与が 8:40 AM と記録されています。24時間表記で同じ時刻の記載はどれですか。クリックしてください。
8:40 AM
108:40
220:40
307:40
409:40
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴が 20:50 に始まり、翌朝の 05:30 に終了しました(24時間表記)。何分 t 続きましたか。
20:5005:30
t = min
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 9 kg の子どもに、4 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 20 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
9 kg4 mg/kg20 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
処方は 9200 単位で、薬は 10000 単位/mL で供給されます。1 mL の注射器に用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
9200 units10000 units/mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
1500 mL を 8 時間で投与するよう指示されています。3 時間後、バッグにまだ 1180 mL 残っていることがわかりましたが、予定どおりの時間に終える必要があります。 ポンプを何 mL/h の速度 R に設定し直す必要がありますか?
1500 mL / 8 h経過時間 3 h: 1180 mL
R = mL/h
30.点滴速度むずかしい
バッグは 100 mL 中に薬を 400 mg 含み、30 mL/h で投与されています。患者が受け取るのは 1 時間あたり何 mg D ですか?
400 mg/100 mL30 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 バッグには 500 mL 中にヘパリン 25 000 単位が含まれています。体重 79 kg の患者に 15 単位/kg/h の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
25 000 個/500 mL15 個/kg/h79 kg
R = mL/h
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 体重 81 kg の患者に、norepinephrineを 5 mcg/min で投与する指示が出ています。バッグには 250 mL 中に 4 mg が含まれています。ポンプの流量 R を mL/h で求めてください。 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
4 mg/250 mL5 mcg/min81 kg
R = mL/h
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 12 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。総摂取量 I を mL で求めてください。 氷片は体積の半分として数えます。
答え: A · Move the patient away from immediate danger
これが答えになる理由
The first priority is to rescue anyone in immediate danger, then raise the alarm, contain the fire by closing doors and only then try to extinguish it if safe. Opening windows feeds a fire with oxygen.
In acute bacterial infection, the bone marrow releases neutrophils before they mature, raising the proportion of bands. Allergies and parasites raise eosinophils, and viral infections more often raise lymphocytes.
答え
C · An acute bacterial infection
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Follow the DNR order and do not start CPR
これが答えになる理由
A valid DNR order means CPR is not started. The nurse keeps the patient comfortable, informs the provider and supports the family.
答え
B · Follow the DNR order and do not start CPR
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Call for emergency help at once and prepare for urgent surgery
これが答えになる理由
Sudden severe back or abdominal pain with hypotension in a patient with an aneurysm suggests rupture, which is fatal without urgent surgery. The mass should not be palpated firmly.
答え
C · Call for emergency help at once and prepare for urgent surgery
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · Delays can quickly worsen rigidity, immobility and swallowing
これが答えになる理由
Levodopa has a short effect, so missed or late doses can lead to severe stiffness, falls, swallowing problems and, rarely, a dangerous hyperpyrexia-like state. Parkinson's medicines are treated as time-critical.
答え
C · Delays can quickly worsen rigidity, immobility and swallowing
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Raising the head of the bed to about 30° with the head kept midline
これが答えになる理由
Head elevation and a midline neck position help venous drainage from the brain. Neck flexion, tight tube ties, coughing, straining and unnecessary suctioning can all raise intracranial pressure.
答え
C · Raising the head of the bed to about 30° with the head kept midline
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Potassium and creatinine
これが答えになる理由
ACE inhibitors reduce aldosterone, so potassium can rise, and they lower the filtration pressure in the kidney, so creatinine can rise. Both are checked before and soon after starting or increasing the dose.確認に用いた資料:Hyperkalemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)
答え
C · Potassium and creatinine
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Short red cell life span lowers the HbA1c falsely
これが答えになる理由
HbA1c reflects glucose attached to hemoglobin over the red cell life span. In hemolysis, red cells are younger and have less time to bind glucose, so HbA1c is falsely low. Glucose monitoring or other markers are used instead.確認に用いた資料:The A1C Test & Diabetes · NIDDK (NIH) (2018); Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
D · Short red cell life span lowers the HbA1c falsely
11.薬理学
答え: A · A stimulant laxative such as senna, often with a stool softener
これが答えになる理由
Opioid-induced constipation does not usually resolve with time, so a laxative is started with the opioid. Stimulant laxatives counter reduced motility; bulk-forming laxatives alone can worsen symptoms if fluid intake is low.
答え
A · A stimulant laxative such as senna, often with a stool softener
12.薬理学
答え: D · Digoxin
これが答えになる理由
ACE inhibitors (or ARBs/ARNI), beta blockers, mineralocorticoid antagonists and SGLT2 inhibitors reduce mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Digoxin improves symptoms and reduces admissions without reducing mortality.
答え: D · An embolus from a valve vegetation causing a stroke
これが答えになる理由
Vegetations on the mitral or aortic valve can break off and embolise to the brain, kidneys, spleen or limbs. Sudden focal neurological signs suggest an embolic stroke: the nurse calls for urgent help, checks the blood glucose to exclude hypoglycaemia and expects urgent brain imaging. Thrombolysis is generally avoided in endocarditis because of the bleeding risk.
答え
D · An embolus from a valve vegetation causing a stroke
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Stand up slowly, because it can make you dizzy
これが答えになる理由
Tamsulosin relaxes smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck, improving urine flow within days. It can cause postural hypotension and dizziness, especially after the first dose, so patients rise slowly.
答え
D · Stand up slowly, because it can make you dizzy
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Uraemic pericarditis, which usually needs urgent dialysis
これが答えになる理由
Uraemic toxins can cause pericarditis, with positional chest pain and a friction rub. It is an indication for urgent dialysis and can lead to a pericardial effusion and tamponade.
答え
A · Uraemic pericarditis, which usually needs urgent dialysis
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · They may need extra steroid cover to prevent an adrenal crisis
これが答えになる理由
Long-term steroids suppress the adrenal glands, so they cannot raise cortisol in response to surgical stress. Extra steroid cover may be prescribed, and steroids are not stopped suddenly. Healing may also be slower.
答え
C · They may need extra steroid cover to prevent an adrenal crisis
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · A patient with cirrhosis who is newly confused and drowsy
これが答えになる理由
New confusion and drowsiness in cirrhosis may be hepatic encephalopathy with a precipitant such as bleeding or infection, and the airway may be at risk. The others are stable.
答え
D · A patient with cirrhosis who is newly confused and drowsy
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · They usually rise, so levels are checked early
これが答えになる理由
Levothyroxine needs usually rise in pregnancy. Thyroid function is checked as soon as pregnancy is confirmed and regularly afterwards, because untreated hypothyroidism can affect fetal brain development.
答え
A · They usually rise, so levels are checked early
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · It can progress to pyelonephritis and trigger preterm labour
これが答えになる理由
Urinary stasis in pregnancy lets bacteria ascend, so untreated bacteriuria often progresses to pyelonephritis, which is linked with preterm labour. A pregnancy-safe antibiotic and a repeat culture are standard.
答え
D · It can progress to pyelonephritis and trigger preterm labour
Antipsychotics in older people with dementia are linked to increased rates of stroke and death. They are used only when non-drug approaches have failed and distress or risk is severe, at the lowest dose for the shortest time.
答え
D · An increased risk of stroke and death
24.精神看護
答え: C · Poor sleep, withdrawal from others and increasing suspiciousness
これが答えになる理由
Early warning signs of relapse include sleep disturbance, social withdrawal, irritability, suspiciousness and neglect of self-care. Recognising them early allows treatment to be reviewed before a full relapse.
答え
C · Poor sleep, withdrawal from others and increasing suspiciousness
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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