A caller says they are a patient's daughter and asks for details of the patient's condition. What should the nurse do?
ARead out the latest notes over the phone
BCheck the patient's wishes and the caller's identity first
CHang up without saying anything
DGive full details, as close family members have a right to know
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A nurse uses SBAR to call a doctor about a breathless patient. Which item belongs under "Background"?
AThe patient has COPD and was admitted two days ago with pneumonia
B"Please come and review him within the next 10 minutes."
CHis respiratory rate is 30 and his SpO₂ is 86% on 2 L of oxygen
D"I am calling about Mr Smith in bed 4, who is very breathless."
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient needs to be moved up in bed and cannot help much. Which approach is safest?
ARaise the head of the bed fully and lift the patient up by the shoulders
BUse a friction-reducing sheet with enough staff, with the bed flat if tolerated
CAsk the patient to push up with their heels alone
DHave one nurse pull the patient up by the arms
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
In a mass-casualty incident with limited resources, why may a critically injured patient with little chance of survival receive care after others?
ACritical patients are always treated last in every situation, even outside disasters
BThe most severely injured are never given comfort care
CResources go first to those most likely to survive with treatment
DPatients are treated in the order they arrive
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
Which telephone call should a clinic nurse return first?
AAn adult who wants to move a routine blood test appointment
BAn adult asking for a repeat prescription for a statin
CA parent of a 5-year-old with a runny nose for two days
DA parent of a 6-week-old with a temperature of 38.3 °C
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A visitor on the ward becomes threatening and shows a knife. What is the nurse’s priority?
AArgue with the visitor to persuade them to leave
BTry to take the knife away from the visitor straight away before anyone is hurt
CIgnore the visitor and carry on with patient care
DMove away to safety, keep others away and call security or the police
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Why are alternate sutures sometimes removed first when taking out stitches?
ATo check the wound stays closed before removing the rest
BBecause the remaining sutures dissolve on their own within a day
CTo make the procedure faster
DTo reduce the cost of dressings
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Why should "units" never be abbreviated to "U" or "IU" on an insulin prescription?
AThe abbreviation is only allowed on prescriptions for children
BThe letters can be misread as a zero, causing a tenfold overdose
CIt changes the type of insulin given
DPharmacists cannot dispense insulin written that way
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient on warfarin has an INR of 7.8 and a nosebleed. Which medication would the nurse expect the provider to prescribe?
ANaloxone hydrochloride
BProtamine sulfate
CVitamin K (phytonadione)
DAcetylcysteine
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A 5-year-old has new bruising and petechiae two weeks after a viral illness. Platelets are 12 × 10³/µL; hemoglobin, white cell count and clotting times are normal. Which condition is most likely?
AHemophilia A
BAcute leukemia
CImmune thrombocytopenia (ITP)
DDisseminated intravascular coagulation
11.薬理学ふつう
Why are benzodiazepines used with great caution in older people?
AThey are not absorbed from the gut after age 65
BThey raise the risk of confusion, falls and fractures
CThey cause severe high blood pressure in older people
DThey cause permanent hearing loss in older people
12.薬理学むずかしい
Why is clavulanic acid combined with amoxicillin (co-amoxiclav)?
AIt reduces the risk of penicillin allergy
BIt slows the kidney excretion of amoxicillin
CIt inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes that would destroy amoxicillin
DIt makes amoxicillin cross the blood–brain barrier more easily
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A woman with hypertension who takes lisinopril says she is planning a pregnancy. What should the nurse advise?
AContinue lisinopril, as it is the safest blood pressure drug in pregnancy
BDiscuss switching medicine with the prescriber before trying to conceive
CDouble the dose to protect the baby from high blood pressure
DStop all blood pressure treatment straight away without telling anyone
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient taking warfarin for AF falls and hits their head. An hour later they are drowsy and have vomited. What is the priority?
AGive paracetamol (acetaminophen) and a light meal
BUrgent escalation for CT of the head and anticoagulant reversal
CEncourage sleep and check observations at the next routine time
DWithhold tonight's warfarin and review tomorrow
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
After pressing the plunger of an insulin pen, what should the patient do?
AKeep the needle in the skin for about 10 seconds
BInject a second dose straight away to be sure
CPull the needle out at once and rub the site firmly
DLeave the needle on the pen for the next injection
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
Two days after an ileal conduit was formed, the stoma is dark purple and dry. What should the nurse do?
AReport it urgently, because the stoma may be ischaemic
BApply a warm compress to improve the colour of the stoma
CChange the bag and check again next week
DRecord it as normal for a new stoma
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why is a gastrostomy tube with an internal bumper usually advanced and rotated regularly once the tract has healed?
ATo make the tube longer as the patient grows or gains weight
BTo check that the patient is still hungry
CTo remove any feed left in the stomach
DTo stop the inner bumper becoming buried in the stomach wall
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient taking IV antibiotics has three unexplained loose stools in 24 hours. What should the nurse do first?
AIsolate the patient and send a stool sample for testing
BGive loperamide after each loose stool and continue as usual
CWait two days to see if the diarrhoea settles
DMove the patient to a bay with other patients to watch them closely
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman in preterm labour receives nifedipine. Which side effect should the nurse watch for?
答え: B · Check the patient's wishes and the caller's identity first
これが答えになる理由
Information is shared only with people the patient has agreed to, and the caller's identity is checked as per policy. Often only limited information is given by phone.
答え
B · Check the patient's wishes and the caller's identity first
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · The patient has COPD and was admitted two days ago with pneumonia
これが答えになる理由
SBAR is Situation (why you are calling), Background (relevant history), Assessment (your findings) and Recommendation (what you need). Clear structure speeds up the response.
答え
A · The patient has COPD and was admitted two days ago with pneumonia
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Use a friction-reducing sheet with enough staff, with the bed flat if tolerated
これが答えになる理由
Lowering the head of the bed, if the patient tolerates it, and using a slide sheet with two or more staff reduces the force needed. Pulling on arms can injure shoulders, and dragging damages skin.
答え
B · Use a friction-reducing sheet with enough staff, with the bed flat if tolerated
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Resources go first to those most likely to survive with treatment
これが答えになる理由
In disasters, triage shifts from treating the sickest first to saving the most lives with available resources. Expectant patients still receive comfort care and are reassessed as resources change.
答え
C · Resources go first to those most likely to survive with treatment
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · A parent of a 6-week-old with a temperature of 38.3 °C
これが答えになる理由
A fever in an infant under about 3 months old needs urgent assessment, because serious bacterial infection is more likely and signs can be subtle. The other calls are routine.
答え
D · A parent of a 6-week-old with a temperature of 38.3 °C
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Move away to safety, keep others away and call security or the police
これが答えになる理由
In a threat involving a weapon, staff keep a safe distance, protect patients where possible and call security or the police. Trying to disarm the person puts staff at serious risk.
答え
D · Move away to safety, keep others away and call security or the police
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · To check the wound stays closed before removing the rest
これが答えになる理由
Removing alternate sutures allows the nurse to see whether the wound edges stay together. If they begin to separate, the remaining sutures can be left and the team informed.
答え
A · To check the wound stays closed before removing the rest
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · The letters can be misread as a zero, causing a tenfold overdose
これが答えになる理由
"U" can be misread as 0, so "10U" might be read as 100, and "IU" can be mistaken for "IV" or "10". Writing "units" in full is a standard safety rule (ISMP), because insulin errors can cause severe hypoglycaemia.
答え
B · The letters can be misread as a zero, causing a tenfold overdose
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Vitamin K (phytonadione)
これが答えになる理由
Warfarin blocks vitamin K–dependent clotting factors, and vitamin K restores their production over hours. For serious bleeding, a prothrombin complex concentrate may also be given to replace factors at once. The warfarin is held.確認に用いた資料:Label: WARFARIN SODIUM tablet · DailyMed (NLM/FDA) (2012)
答え
C · Vitamin K (phytonadione)
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)
これが答えになる理由
ITP is immune destruction of platelets, often after a viral infection in children. It causes isolated thrombocytopenia with normal other counts and clotting tests. Leukemia usually affects other cell lines, DIC prolongs clotting times and hemophilia prolongs the aPTT.確認に用いた資料:Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
C · Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)
11.薬理学
答え: B · They raise the risk of confusion, falls and fractures
これが答えになる理由
Older people are more sensitive to benzodiazepines and often eliminate them more slowly. Sedation, unsteadiness and confusion raise the risk of falls and fractures.
答え
B · They raise the risk of confusion, falls and fractures
12.薬理学
答え: C · It inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes that would destroy amoxicillin
これが答えになる理由
Many bacteria produce beta-lactamases that inactivate penicillins. Clavulanic acid inhibits these enzymes, so amoxicillin can work against these organisms.
答え
C · It inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes that would destroy amoxicillin
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Discuss switching medicine with the prescriber before trying to conceive
これが答えになる理由
ACE inhibitors and ARBs are contraindicated in pregnancy because they can damage fetal kidneys and cause other harm. Women of childbearing age should be counselled and switched to a suitable alternative, such as labetalol or nifedipine, before conception or as soon as pregnancy is confirmed.
答え
B · Discuss switching medicine with the prescriber before trying to conceive
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Urgent escalation for CT of the head and anticoagulant reversal
これが答えになる理由
Head injury in an anticoagulated patient with drowsiness or vomiting suggests intracranial haemorrhage. Urgent CT, neurological observations, an INR and rapid reversal (for warfarin, prothrombin complex concentrate and IV vitamin K) are needed.
答え
B · Urgent escalation for CT of the head and anticoagulant reversal
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Keep the needle in the skin for about 10 seconds
これが答えになる理由
Holding the needle in place for around 10 seconds (or as the manufacturer advises) lets the full dose be delivered. A new needle is used for each injection, and the site should not be massaged.
答え
A · Keep the needle in the skin for about 10 seconds
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Report it urgently, because the stoma may be ischaemic
これが答えになる理由
A dusky, purple or black stoma suggests poor blood supply and possible necrosis. It needs urgent surgical review. A healthy stoma is moist and pink to red, and some swelling is normal at first.
答え
A · Report it urgently, because the stoma may be ischaemic
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · To stop the inner bumper becoming buried in the stomach wall
これが答えになる理由
Buried bumper syndrome occurs when the internal fixator embeds in the gastric wall. Following local guidance, the tube is gently advanced, rotated and returned once healed, and the external fixator is kept slightly loose.
答え
D · To stop the inner bumper becoming buried in the stomach wall
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Isolate the patient and send a stool sample for testing
これが答えになる理由
Unexplained diarrhoea in a patient on antibiotics should be treated as possible C. difficile. The patient is isolated promptly, a stool sample is sent and the antibiotics are reviewed with the medical team.
答え
A · Isolate the patient and send a stool sample for testing
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Low blood pressure and headache
これが答えになる理由
Nifedipine relaxes smooth muscle in vessels as well as the uterus, causing hypotension, flushing, headache and reflex tachycardia. Absent reflexes suggest magnesium toxicity.
答え: D · Find out what prompted the question, then answer honestly and simply, with the family
これが答えになる理由
Children with serious illness often sense what is happening. Exploring the question ("What makes you ask?") and answering honestly, at the child's level and in agreement with the family, reduces isolation and fear. False reassurance damages trust.
答え
D · Find out what prompted the question, then answer honestly and simply, with the family
答え: B · "You sound very angry. Tell me what has happened."
これが答えになる理由
A calm, non-defensive response that names the feeling invites the patient to explain the cause of the anger. Arguing or threatening tends to escalate the situation.
答え
B · "You sound very angry. Tell me what has happened."
24.精神看護
答え: D · "What are your thoughts about the options you have?"
これが答えになる理由
Asking the patient to explore her own options supports problem-solving and autonomy. Giving an opinion, or passing the question on, takes the decision away from her.
答え
D · "What are your thoughts about the options you have?"
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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