On the first step of the WHO analgesic ladder, which drugs are used?
AGeneral anaesthetic drugs given in low doses
BWeak opioids only, such as codeine
CStrong opioids such as morphine
DNon-opioids such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or an NSAID
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
According to current European (ERC) and 2025 American Heart Association guidelines, what is the first action for a conscious adult who is choking and cannot cough effectively?
AGive 5 rescue breaths
BStart chest compressions at once
CGive a glass of water
DGive up to 5 back blows
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
An order reads “Give potassium chloride by IV push.” What should the nurse do?
AGive it slowly by IV push over two minutes while watching the cardiac monitor
BGive half by IV push and the rest later
CNot give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
DDilute it in a small syringe and push it
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient with suspected sepsis has orders for blood cultures and an IV antibiotic. What is the correct order of actions?
ADraw the blood cultures first, then give the antibiotic without delay
BGive the antibiotic and take the cultures an hour later
CGive the antibiotic first so that treatment starts, and take the cultures the next day
DWait for the culture results before starting the antibiotic
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient receiving IV magnesium sulfate for pre-eclampsia has absent knee reflexes and a respiratory rate of 10/min. What does the nurse do first?
AGive oral fluids to help clear the drug faster
BStop the magnesium infusion and call for help
CTurn the patient onto her back and recheck later
DIncrease the infusion to prevent a seizure
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
看護助手に委任せず、RN が自ら行うのが最も適切な業務はどれですか?
A患者の口腔ケアを手伝うこと
B手術後、初めて患者をベッドから起こすこと
C手術後 3 日目の安定した患者を、廊下で歩かせること
D心不全の患者の体重を毎朝測定すること
7.臨床看護学ふつう
After a needlestick injury from a patient known to have HIV, why must the nurse report it immediately?
AThe patient will need antibiotics
BPost-exposure prophylaxis works best when started as soon as possible
CThe needle must be sent for culture
DThe nurse must be tested for HIV the same day to confirm infection
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Three days after bowel surgery, a patient has a distended abdomen, vomiting and absent bowel sounds, without colicky pain. What is most likely?
AParalytic ileus
BA urinary tract infection
CAcute cholecystitis
DNormal recovery after surgery
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
慢性腎臓病の患者に、貧血が多いのはなぜですか?
A腎疾患での高カリウムが、赤血球を壊すため
B尿毒症性の毒素により、骨髄が赤血球ではなく白血球を作るようになるため
C腎臓が、赤血球の産生を促すエリスロポエチンをあまり作らなくなるため
D傷んだ腎臓が、赤血球を濾過して破壊するため
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with severe sepsis is oozing blood from IV sites. Platelets 40 × 10³/µL, fibrinogen low, D-dimer very high, PT and aPTT both prolonged. Which condition fits best?
AHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
BHemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)
CImmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
DDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient takes low-dose weekly methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Which monitoring is needed?
ADaily blood glucose checks
BRegular blood count, liver and kidney function tests
CWeekly INR checks and a monthly ECG to check the heart rhythm
DMonthly hearing tests
12.薬理学むずかしい
Carboprost is a prostaglandin used for postpartum haemorrhage. In which woman should it be avoided?
AA woman who had a vaginal birth
BA woman with iron deficiency anaemia
CA woman who is breastfeeding
DA woman with asthma
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Dダイマーが上昇していることは何を意味しますか?
A肺塞栓症またはDVTが確定した
B深部静脈血栓症が安全に除外された
C抗凝固薬の用量が少なすぎるため、増やす必要がある
Dフィブリンの分解があるが、血栓があることの証明にはならない
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with stable severe COPD has a blood gas showing pH 7.37, a raised PaCO₂ and a raised bicarbonate. How should this be interpreted?
ARespiratory alkalosis from hyperventilation
BChronic respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
答え: D · Non-opioids such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or an NSAID
これが答えになる理由
The WHO ladder starts with non-opioids, adds a weak opioid for moderate pain and a strong opioid for severe pain, with adjuvants at any step. It is still widely taught, although current WHO guidance stresses individual assessment over a strict step-by-step approach.
答え
D · Non-opioids such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or an NSAID
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Give up to 5 back blows
これが答えになる理由
For severe airway obstruction in a conscious adult, give up to 5 back blows, then up to 5 abdominal thrusts if needed, and repeat. Older US teaching started with abdominal thrusts alone. If they become unresponsive, start CPR.
答え
D · Give up to 5 back blows
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Not give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
これが答えになる理由
Potassium chloride given by IV push can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias and arrest. It is only given diluted by controlled infusion, so the nurse does not give it and contacts the prescriber.
答え
C · Not give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Draw the blood cultures first, then give the antibiotic without delay
これが答えになる理由
Cultures are drawn before the first antibiotic dose so the organism can still be grown and identified. The antibiotic is then given promptly, because delay increases the risk of death in sepsis.
答え
A · Draw the blood cultures first, then give the antibiotic without delay
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Stop the magnesium infusion and call for help
これが答えになる理由
Loss of deep tendon reflexes and slow breathing suggest magnesium toxicity. The nurse stops the infusion, supports breathing and escalates; calcium gluconate is the antidote kept ready.
答え: B · Post-exposure prophylaxis works best when started as soon as possible
これが答えになる理由
HIV post-exposure prophylaxis should be started as soon as possible after exposure, ideally within hours. Occupational health or the emergency department will assess the risk and arrange follow-up testing.
答え
B · Post-exposure prophylaxis works best when started as soon as possible
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · Paralytic ileus
これが答えになる理由
Paralytic ileus is a temporary loss of gut movement, common after abdominal surgery. Bowel sounds are absent, unlike mechanical obstruction where they are often high-pitched. Management includes nil by mouth, NG decompression, fluids and correcting electrolytes.
答え: D · Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
これが答えになる理由
In DIC, widespread clotting consumes platelets and clotting factors, so PT and aPTT are prolonged and fibrinogen falls, while clot breakdown raises the D-dimer. ITP lowers platelets only, and hemophilia A prolongs only the aPTT.確認に用いた資料:Fibrinogen blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Prothrombin time (PT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); D-Dimer Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
D · Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
11.薬理学
答え: B · Regular blood count, liver and kidney function tests
これが答えになる理由
Methotrexate can cause bone marrow suppression and liver damage, and poor kidney function raises its levels. Blood tests are regular, alcohol is limited and folic acid is usually given on another day.
答え
B · Regular blood count, liver and kidney function tests
12.薬理学
答え: D · A woman with asthma
これが答えになる理由
Carboprost is a PGF2-alpha analogue that can cause bronchospasm. Oxytocin is first-line, and carboprost is avoided in asthma.
答え: B · Chronic respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
これが答えになる理由
In chronic CO₂ retention, the kidneys retain bicarbonate over days, bringing the pH back towards normal. A normal pH with high PaCO₂ and high bicarbonate is compensated chronic respiratory acidosis. These patients usually have target saturations of 88–92%.
答え
B · Chronic respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
答え: C · Moderate exercise like walking or swimming is encouraged
これが答えになる理由
Moderate exercise is safe and beneficial for most pregnant women. Contact sports, activities with a high fall risk and scuba diving are avoided, as is lying flat on the back for long periods later in pregnancy.
答え
C · Moderate exercise like walking or swimming is encouraged
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · It is abnormal and needs prompt review
これが答えになる理由
A score of 8 to 10 is normal, 6 is equivocal, and 4 or less is abnormal and suggests fetal hypoxia. At term, a low score usually leads to prompt review and consideration of birth.
答え
B · It is abnormal and needs prompt review
21.小児看護
答え: D · An oral antifungal medicine
これが答えになる理由
Topical creams cannot reach the fungus in the hair shafts and follicles, so tinea capitis needs an oral antifungal for several weeks, sometimes with an antifungal shampoo to reduce spread.
答え
D · An oral antifungal medicine
22.小児看護
答え: A · She may consent herself if judged competent (Gillick and Fraser)
これが答えになる理由
Under the Gillick case and Fraser guidelines, a young person under 16 who understands the treatment and its implications can consent to contraception. Staff encourage involving parents and assess for any safeguarding concerns.
答え
A · She may consent herself if judged competent (Gillick and Fraser)
23.精神看護
答え: B · "What would be different for you if you drank less?"
これが答えになる理由
Motivational interviewing uses open questions that invite the person to explore their own reasons for change. Labelling, threats and directives tend to increase resistance.
答え
B · "What would be different for you if you drank less?"
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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