A nurse finds a patient lying on the floor beside the bed. What should be done first?
ACheck the patient for injuries before moving them
BPhone the patient's family
CComplete the incident report form
DLift the patient straight back into bed so they are comfortable
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient who has had a kidney stone is taught about prevention. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will aim to drink plenty of fluids spread through every day."
B"I will try to pass pale urine."
C"I will drink less water so I don't need to pass urine as often."
D"I will follow the diet advice for my stone type."
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient with hyperkalemia received IV regular insulin with dextrose. Which result must the nurse monitor closely over the next hours?
AHemoglobin, because insulin causes red cell loss
BBlood glucose, because hypoglycemia can occur
CSerum sodium, because it rises quickly
DSerum calcium, because it falls sharply
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has marked generalized edema. Results show heavy proteinuria, serum albumin 1.8 g/dL (18 g/L) and total cholesterol 340 mg/dL (8.8 mmol/L). Which condition fits best?
AAcute pyelonephritis
BPrerenal kidney injury
CNephrotic syndrome
DLiver cirrhosis only
11.薬理学ふつう
Which adverse effect of ciprofloxacin should a patient report at once?
AA slightly bitter or metallic taste for a while after each dose
BPain or swelling in a tendon, such as the Achilles tendon
CMild tiredness in the first few days
DDarker stools than usual
12.薬理学むずかしい
β 遮断薬が糖尿病の人で低血糖の警告症状を隠すことがあるのはなぜですか?
Aインスリン分泌を完全に止めるから
Bふるえや動悸などのアドレナリン作動性症状を弱めるから
C血糖を上げるので、低血糖がまったく起こらなくなるから
D発熱を起こして発汗を隠すから
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A woman had lymph nodes removed from her left armpit for breast cancer. Which advice helps reduce the risk of lymphoedema?
AAvoid BP cuffs and injections on the left arm where possible
BUse only the left arm for heavy lifting to build up its muscles
CApply tight jewellery to the left wrist
DKeep the left arm hanging down and as still as possible all day
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Why is the cuff pressure of an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube checked regularly?
AThe cuff must be kept fully deflated in every ventilated patient
BThe cuff pressure directly controls the patient's oxygen saturation
CToo high a pressure damages the trachea; too low allows aspiration
DThe cuff pressure sets the ventilator's breathing rate
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
急性腎障害の基準(KDIGO)のうち、尿量に関するものはどれですか?
A尿の色のあらゆる変化
B摂取量にかかわらず、24時間で1 L未満
C0.5 mL/kg/時未満が6時間以上
D2 mL/kg/時未満が1時間
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient on warfarin starts levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. What should the nurse expect to monitor more closely?
AThe potassium, because it may rise
BThe INR, because it may rise
CThe blood glucose, because it may fall
DThe urine output, because it may stop
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which burn should usually be discussed with a specialist burns service even if it is small?
AA small superficial sunburn on the back
BA tiny burn on the forearm with redness only
CA healed burn scar from many years ago
DA partial-thickness burn on the hand
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient with facial burns from a house fire was talking normally on arrival. Two hours later, the voice is hoarse and there is stridor. What should the nurse do?
ALay the patient flat to help them sleep
BGive a warm drink to soothe the throat
CCall for urgent anaesthetic help, as the airway is swelling
DEncourage the patient to rest the voice and reassess tomorrow
What is the main advantage of a long-acting injectable antipsychotic?
AIt cures schizophrenia after a fixed course of injections
BIt has no side effects, unlike the oral forms of the same antipsychotic drugs
CIt works faster than any oral antipsychotic in an acute crisis
DIt improves adherence because the patient does not need to take daily tablets
24.精神看護むずかしい
An 8-year-old taking methylphenidate for 6 months has dropped from the 50th to the 25th centile for weight. What is the most appropriate nursing action?
AIgnore it, because weight changes in children are always normal
BAdvise giving a double dose at night instead, so that the medicine does not affect his appetite during the day
CStop the medicine immediately without telling the prescriber
DReport the finding, review his eating pattern and suggest giving the medicine after breakfast
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 滴下速度の計算結果は 181.346 gtt/min です。 この練習問題のルールは「滴下速度は、最も近い整数の滴数に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
答え: A · Bed rest quickly causes loss of strength and independence
これが答えになる理由
Older adults lose muscle strength quickly in bed, which leads to falls and loss of independence. Getting up, dressed and moving as soon as safe helps prevent this deconditioning.
答え
A · Bed rest quickly causes loss of strength and independence
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Ask for a full medication review
これが答えになる理由
Polypharmacy increases the risk of falls, side effects and interactions in older adults. A review by the prescriber or pharmacist can stop or adjust medicines safely.
答え: B · It is strongly anticholinergic and can cause confusion and falls in older adults
これが答えになる理由
First-generation antihistamines such as diphenhydramine are on the Beers list because they cause confusion, constipation, urinary retention and falls in older adults. Safer approaches to sleep should be discussed.
答え
B · It is strongly anticholinergic and can cause confusion and falls in older adults
答え: A · Check the patient for injuries before moving them
これが答えになる理由
After a fall, the patient is assessed first, including airway, breathing, circulation, head injury and possible fractures, before deciding how to move them safely. The fall is then reported and the care plan reviewed.
答え
A · Check the patient for injuries before moving them
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · "I will drink less water so I don't need to pass urine as often."
これが答えになる理由
A high fluid intake dilutes urine and is the most important general measure to prevent stones. Dietary advice depends on the stone's composition.
答え
C · "I will drink less water so I don't need to pass urine as often."
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Blood glucose, because hypoglycemia can occur
これが答えになる理由
Insulin shifts potassium into cells but also lowers glucose, and hypoglycemia can occur hours later, especially in kidney failure. Glucose is checked frequently, and potassium is rechecked, as the effect lasts only a few hours.確認に用いた資料:High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
B · Blood glucose, because hypoglycemia can occur
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Nephrotic syndrome
これが答えになる理由
Nephrotic syndrome is heavy proteinuria with low albumin, edema and high lipids. Low albumin reduces oncotic pressure, causing edema, and the liver increases lipoprotein production. There is also a higher risk of clots and infection.確認に用いた資料:Nephrotic syndrome · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
C · Nephrotic syndrome
11.薬理学
答え: B · Pain or swelling in a tendon, such as the Achilles tendon
これが答えになる理由
Fluoroquinolones can cause tendinitis and tendon rupture. Patients should stop exercise and report tendon pain promptly.
答え
B · Pain or swelling in a tendon, such as the Achilles tendon
答え: A · Avoid BP cuffs and injections on the left arm where possible
これが答えになる理由
After axillary node removal, the arm's lymph drainage is reduced. Patients are advised to protect the skin, treat cuts promptly, avoid tight items and, where possible, avoid BP measurements, cannulation and injections on that arm. Gentle exercise helps lymph flow.
答え
A · Avoid BP cuffs and injections on the left arm where possible
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Too high a pressure damages the trachea; too low allows aspiration
これが答えになる理由
Cuff pressure is usually kept at about 20–30 cmH₂O. Higher pressures reduce blood flow to the tracheal mucosa, risking ulceration and stenosis; lower pressures allow secretions to leak past and cause aspiration and VAP. A cuff manometer is used.
答え
C · Too high a pressure damages the trachea; too low allows aspiration
As thyroid function returns to normal, clotting factors are broken down faster, which increases the effect of warfarin. The INR is checked more often and the warfarin dose may need to be reduced.
答え
B · The INR, because it may rise
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · A partial-thickness burn on the hand
これが答えになる理由
Burns of the face, hands, feet, genitalia, perineum and major joints, as well as circumferential, chemical, electrical and inhalation injuries, usually need specialist advice because of their risks and functional impact.
答え
D · A partial-thickness burn on the hand
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Call for urgent anaesthetic help, as the airway is swelling
これが答えになる理由
Progressive hoarseness and stridor after a facial or inhalation burn mean the airway is narrowing. Early intubation by an experienced anaesthetist is needed before swelling makes it impossible. The patient is sat up and given oxygen.
答え
C · Call for urgent anaesthetic help, as the airway is swelling
答え: B · Continue breastfeeding, and give oral rehydration solution as advised
これが答えになる理由
Breastfeeding should continue during gastroenteritis, with oral rehydration solution added when there are signs of dehydration. Withholding feeds slows recovery and juice can worsen diarrhoea.
答え
B · Continue breastfeeding, and give oral rehydration solution as advised
答え: D · It improves adherence because the patient does not need to take daily tablets
これが答えになる理由
Depot or long-acting injections are given every few weeks, so adherence can be checked and missed doses are noticed. They have the same kinds of side effects as the oral form of the drug.
答え
D · It improves adherence because the patient does not need to take daily tablets
24.精神看護
答え: D · Report the finding, review his eating pattern and suggest giving the medicine after breakfast
これが答えになる理由
Appetite suppression is a common stimulant effect and can affect growth. The prescriber needs to know, and strategies such as giving the dose after breakfast and offering a good evening meal can help.
答え
D · Report the finding, review his eating pattern and suggest giving the medicine after breakfast
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
変換
c = 2.2·88.4 = 194.5 ≈ 194 µmol/L
答え
c = 194 µmol/L
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 90 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
投与量
7.5·12 = 90 mg
答え
D = 90 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: D = 257.3 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
体表面積
BSA = √(123·31/3600) = √1.059 = 1.029 m²
投与量
D = 250·1.029 = 257.3 mg
答え
D = 257.3 mg
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 200 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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