A patient with delirium tries to leave the ward at night, saying they are going home, and would be at serious risk outside. What is correct (England and Wales)?
ALock them in a side room until the morning for their own safety
BLet them leave, as all adults are free to go wherever they like
CGive a sedative without asking anyone
DAssess capacity and, if it is lacking, act in their best interests
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient has a weak left leg. Which instruction about using a cane is correct?
AKeep the cane well out to the side, away from the body
BHold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
CHold the cane in the left hand, on the weaker side
An Rh-negative mother has just given birth to an Rh-positive baby. What does the nurse expect to give the mother?
ANo treatment is needed
BRh immunoglobulin within 72 hours
CA dose of the hepatitis B vaccine instead
DVitamin K to the mother
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
An 85-year-old resident becomes newly confused and is falling, but has no fever. Which cause should the nurse consider first?
ANormal aging that needs no assessment
BAn infection, such as a urinary tract infection, presenting atypically
CA sudden worsening of long-standing dementia that needs no tests
DBoredom from not having enough activities
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Why are people with diabetes advised to have regular eye screening?
ATo measure their blood glucose through the eye
BTo prevent conjunctivitis
CTo detect diabetic retinopathy early, before sight is lost
DTo check whether they need reading glasses for close work
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with full mental capacity decides against a treatment that the team thinks is best. What does the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales) say?
AThe team may override any decision that it disagrees with if it is serious
BA person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision
CThe patient must be assessed by a psychiatrist before refusing
DThe family may make the decision instead if they disagree with the patient's choice
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
Which IV fluid can be given through the same line as a red cell transfusion?
A5% dextrose in water
BLactated Ringer's (Hartmann's) solution
C0.9% sodium chloride
D0.45% sodium chloride
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
硫酸マグネシウムの静脈内投与中に、中毒を早期に発見するのに最も役立つアセスメントはどれですか?
A膝蓋腱反射、呼吸数、尿量
B腸蠕動音と腹囲
C1 時間ごとの皮膚の色と毛細血管再充満時間
D1 時間ごとの血糖と瞳孔の大きさ
11.薬理学ふつう
A transplant patient takes tacrolimus. Which monitoring is most important?
APeak expiratory flow
BBlood drug levels and kidney function
CSerum amylase
DThyroid function and bone density
12.薬理学むずかしい
Which strategy is most effective at preventing errors with IV insulin infusions?
AWriting "U" for units on the order
BUsing insulin syringes to measure large IV volumes
CPreparing insulin infusions in advance and leaving them unlabelled
DAn independent double check and a smart pump with a drug library
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient has episodes of severe headache, sweating and palpitations with very high blood pressure. Which rare cause should be considered?
AAortic stenosis
BPhaeochromocytoma
CAsthma
DStable angina
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient had 40 minutes of chest pain at rest. The ECG shows ST depression without ST elevation, and the troponin is rising. What is the diagnosis?
AAcute pericarditis
BST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
CNon-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
DStable angina
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A stroke patient with dysphagia has been started on a modified diet. Which action best reduces the risk of aspiration?
AFeed quickly so the patient does not tire during the meal
BLay the patient flat straight after meals so they can rest and digest
CGive fluids through a straw so they flow more slowly
DSit the patient fully upright for meals and for a while afterwards
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
Six hours after a catheter is removed, a patient has not passed urine and feels uncomfortable. What should the nurse do?
APut the catheter back without assessing
BDo a bladder scan to check for retention
CWait until the next morning before checking
DTell the patient to drink two litres of water quickly
答え: D · Assess capacity and, if it is lacking, act in their best interests
これが答えになる理由
A delirious patient may lack capacity for this decision. Staff can take reasonable, proportionate steps in their best interests, such as calm persuasion and close supervision, while seeking medical review.
答え
D · Assess capacity and, if it is lacking, act in their best interests
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Hold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
これが答えになる理由
The cane is held on the strong side and moved forward with the weak leg, so it shares the weight that the weak leg cannot take. It is kept close to the body for stability.
答え
B · Hold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
Rh immunoglobulin given within 72 hours of birth prevents the mother from forming anti-D antibodies, which could harm a future Rh-positive baby.
答え
B · Rh immunoglobulin within 72 hours
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · An infection, such as a urinary tract infection, presenting atypically
これが答えになる理由
Older adults often present with confusion or falls rather than fever when they have an infection. New confusion is a change that needs assessment for causes such as infection, dehydration or medication.
答え
B · An infection, such as a urinary tract infection, presenting atypically
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · To detect diabetic retinopathy early, before sight is lost
これが答えになる理由
Diabetic retinopathy often has no symptoms until it is advanced. Screening allows early treatment that can prevent blindness.
答え
C · To detect diabetic retinopathy early, before sight is lost
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · A person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision
これが答えになる理由
One of the Act's principles is that making an unwise decision is not, on its own, evidence of incapacity. The team should check understanding, explore reasons and document the discussion.
答え
B · A person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · 0.9% sodium chloride
これが答えになる理由
Only 0.9% sodium chloride is used with red cells. Dextrose solutions can cause hemolysis, and lactated Ringer's contains calcium, which can cause clotting in the citrated blood. Drugs are never added to blood products.
Tacrolimus levels are kept in a target range to prevent rejection and toxicity. Kidney damage, hyperkalaemia, high glucose and tremor are adverse effects, and interacting drugs and grapefruit are avoided.
答え
B · Blood drug levels and kidney function
12.薬理学
答え: D · An independent double check and a smart pump with a drug library
これが答えになる理由
Independent double checks, standard concentrations and smart pumps with dose limits reduce insulin errors. "U" for units is avoided because it can be misread as a zero.
答え
D · An independent double check and a smart pump with a drug library
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Phaeochromocytoma
これが答えになる理由
Phaeochromocytoma is a catecholamine-secreting tumour, usually of the adrenal medulla. Classic features are paroxysmal headache, sweating, palpitations and hypertension. It is diagnosed with plasma or urine metanephrines.
答え
B · Phaeochromocytoma
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
これが答えになる理由
An NSTEMI is an acute coronary syndrome with myocardial necrosis (rising troponin) but no persistent ST elevation; ST depression or T wave inversion may be seen. It is treated with antiplatelets, anticoagulation and angiography based on risk, rather than emergency reperfusion.
答え
C · Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Sit the patient fully upright for meals and for a while afterwards
これが答えになる理由
Sitting upright during and after meals helps food pass safely and reduces reflux and aspiration. Small mouthfuls, unhurried feeding and the textures advised by the speech and language therapist are also important.
答え
D · Sit the patient fully upright for meals and for a while afterwards
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Do a bladder scan to check for retention
これが答えになる理由
After catheter removal, the patient is monitored for voiding. Discomfort without voiding suggests retention. A bladder scan shows the volume, and the team decides whether to re-catheterise or use intermittent catheterisation.
答え: B · Sacral counterpressure and a hands-and-knees position
これが答えになる理由
In occiput posterior positions the fetal head presses on the sacrum. Counterpressure on the lower back and positions such as hands-and-knees or leaning forward ease pain and may help the head rotate.
答え
B · Sacral counterpressure and a hands-and-knees position
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Check whether the head is visible and stay with her
これが答えになる理由
A strong urge to push and rectal pressure suggest full dilation or imminent birth. The nurse stays, checks for crowning, calls for help and prepares for birth. Opioids close to birth can depress the newborn's breathing.
答え
B · Check whether the head is visible and stay with her
21.小児看護
答え: D · Blowing bubbles or looking at a pop-up book
これが答えになる理由
Distraction that suits the child's age, such as bubbles, books, toys or videos, reduces pain and distress. Blowing bubbles also encourages slow, deep breathing. Parents are encouraged to stay and help.
答え
D · Blowing bubbles or looking at a pop-up book
22.小児看護
答え: D · A 2-hour-old with grunting, nasal flaring and a respiratory rate of 74/min
これが答えになる理由
Grunting, nasal flaring and tachypnoea (above about 60/min) are signs of respiratory distress and need immediate assessment. Milia, acrocyanosis in the first days and mild jaundice after 24 hours in a well-feeding baby are common and expected.
答え
D · A 2-hour-old with grunting, nasal flaring and a respiratory rate of 74/min
23.精神看護
答え: D · It is a lasting pattern of perfectionism and control without true obsessions and compulsions
これが答えになる理由
In OCPD, rigid perfectionism, orderliness and control are part of the personality and usually feel right to the person. In OCD, the person has intrusive obsessions and compulsions that they usually find distressing.
答え
D · It is a lasting pattern of perfectionism and control without true obsessions and compulsions
24.精神看護
答え: C · パニックと決めつける前に、バイタルサインを含めて身体的にアセスメントし、方針に従って心電図を記録する
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1 回あたりの容量
½ tbsp = 0.5·15 = 7.5 mL
全投与期間
V = 7.5 mL × 3/日 × 10 = 225 mL
答え
V = 225 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 0.6 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
混合後の濃度
1000 mg/5 mL = 200 mg/mL
体積
V = 120/200 = 0.6 mL
答え
V = 0.6 mL
28.投与量の計算
答え: R = 60 mL/h
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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