A 68-year-old man has fatigue, a hemoglobin of 9.8 g/dL (98 g/L), an MCV of 72 fL and a low ferritin. He eats a normal diet. What is the most important next step?
AGive iron and do no further tests at all
BRepeat the blood count in one year
CLook for a source of blood loss in the gut
DStart vitamin B12 injections
11.薬理学ふつう
Why is testing for HLA-B*15:02 recommended before carbamazepine in people of some Asian ancestries?
AThis gene variant makes carbamazepine ineffective
BThis gene variant causes carbamazepine to raise blood glucose
CThis gene variant speeds up the kidney excretion of carbamazepine
DIt greatly raises the risk of Stevens–Johnson syndrome
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient taking sertraline starts St John's wort for low mood. What is the main concern?
AA hypertensive crisis from tyramine
BBleeding from vitamin K deficiency
CSerotonin syndrome from combined serotonergic effects
DSevere low blood pressure from blocked alpha receptors
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient in cardiac rehabilitation asks how hard to exercise. Which simple guide is commonly taught?
AExercise only until the heart rate rises even slightly
BExercise so they are a little breathless but can still talk
CExercise until chest pain starts, then stop
DExercise until they are too breathless to speak at all
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A 25-year-old non-smoker has wheeze and cough that come and go, worse at night and after exercise. Spirometry improves markedly after a bronchodilator. Which diagnosis is most likely?
AIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
BHeart failure
CCOPD
DAsthma
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient taking warfarin is diagnosed with an intracerebral haemorrhage. What is the priority treatment?
ADoubling the warfarin dose to stabilise the INR
BStarting aspirin to prevent further clots
CIV thrombolysis within 4.5 hours
DUrgent reversal of the anticoagulant effect
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with lung cancer is confused, dehydrated and constipated, with a corrected calcium of 3.4 mmol/L (about 13.6 mg/dL). What is usually the first treatment?
AIV fluids to rehydrate the patient
BIV calcium gluconate and vitamin D
COral calcium tablets
DA fluid restriction
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why are urinary catheters removed as early as possible after surgery?
ATo reduce the risk of catheter-associated infection
BBecause catheters always cause kidney stones
CBecause the catheter stops the bowel working
DBecause patients cannot drink normally while a catheter is in place
答え: B · The body fluids can contain active drug for a time after treatment
これが答えになる理由
Many hazardous drugs are excreted in urine, stool and vomit for a period after treatment. Staff wear protective gloves and gowns when handling these fluids, according to policy.
答え
B · The body fluids can contain active drug for a time after treatment
答え: B · Giving a scheduled subcutaneous anticoagulant injection to a stable patient
これが答えになる理由
LPNs/LVNs usually give scheduled injections to stable patients. A fresh postoperative assessment and teaching plans need the RN, and routine vital signs are better given to the assistant so the LPN/LVN can use their skills.
答え
B · Giving a scheduled subcutaneous anticoagulant injection to a stable patient
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Tremor and a fast heart rate
これが答えになる理由
Salbutamol is a beta2-agonist and can cause tremor, tachycardia and palpitations. High doses can also lower serum potassium.
答え: C · Look for a source of blood loss in the gut
これが答えになる理由
Iron deficiency in an older man or a postmenopausal woman suggests chronic blood loss, often from the gastrointestinal tract, including colorectal cancer. Iron is started, but endoscopy or colonoscopy is needed to find the cause.
答え
C · Look for a source of blood loss in the gut
11.薬理学
答え: D · It greatly raises the risk of Stevens–Johnson syndrome
これが答えになる理由
The HLA-B*15:02 allele, common in parts of South-East Asia, is strongly linked to carbamazepine-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Carriers are given a different drug.
答え
D · It greatly raises the risk of Stevens–Johnson syndrome
12.薬理学
答え: C · Serotonin syndrome from combined serotonergic effects
これが答えになる理由
St John's wort has serotonergic effects, so it can cause serotonin syndrome with SSRIs. It also induces liver enzymes and can reduce levels of drugs such as the combined pill, warfarin and ciclosporin.
答え
C · Serotonin syndrome from combined serotonergic effects
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Exercise so they are a little breathless but can still talk
これが答えになる理由
Moderate-intensity exercise makes the patient slightly breathless but able to hold a conversation. Programmes start gently and progress. Patients stop and seek help if they get chest pain, severe breathlessness or dizziness.
答え
B · Exercise so they are a little breathless but can still talk
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Asthma
これが答えになる理由
Asthma typically causes variable symptoms with reversible airflow obstruction. COPD usually affects older people with a smoking history and causes persistent, poorly reversible obstruction. Fibrosis gives a restrictive pattern.
答え
D · Asthma
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Urgent reversal of the anticoagulant effect
これが答えになる理由
Anticoagulants make the haematoma expand. Warfarin is reversed urgently, typically with prothrombin complex concentrate and IV vitamin K. Thrombolysis and antiplatelets are contraindicated in a bleed.
答え
D · Urgent reversal of the anticoagulant effect
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · IV fluids to rehydrate the patient
これが答えになる理由
Hypercalcaemia causes polyuria and dehydration, which worsen the high calcium. IV fluids are the first step, followed by a bisphosphonate to reduce bone resorption. Calcium is rechecked regularly.
答え
A · IV fluids to rehydrate the patient
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · To reduce the risk of catheter-associated infection
これが答えになる理由
The risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection increases with duration. Daily review of the need for a catheter, and early removal, reduce infection and help mobilisation.
答え
A · To reduce the risk of catheter-associated infection
答え: B · To prevent lumpy fatty areas that absorb insulin unpredictably
これが答えになる理由
Injecting repeatedly into the same spot causes lipohypertrophy, thickened fatty lumps where insulin absorption is erratic. Rotating within and between sites keeps absorption more predictable.
答え
B · To prevent lumpy fatty areas that absorb insulin unpredictably
答え: C · Carbamazepine can make the pill less effective, so she should discuss contraception with the prescriber
これが答えになる理由
Carbamazepine induces liver enzymes and speeds up the breakdown of many drugs, including hormonal contraceptives. This can lead to unplanned pregnancy, and carbamazepine is also teratogenic.
答え
C · Carbamazepine can make the pill less effective, so she should discuss contraception with the prescriber
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: h = 58.7 in
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
1 分あたりのミリリットル
120/60 = 2 mL/min
滴下速度
R = 2·10 = 20 gtt/min
答え
R = 20 gtt/min
30.点滴速度
答え: Δ = 9.333 %
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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