A patient with a potassium of 2.8 mEq/L has potassium chloride prescribed IV. Which statement about giving it is correct?
AIt is given as an undiluted bolus into a large vein to avoid irritation
BIt is always diluted and given by infusion pump, never as an IV push
CIt may be given as a slow IV push over one minute if the level is very low
DIt is added to the IV bag without mixing, so it stays at the bottom
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A stable patient's hemoglobin has been 13–14 g/dL for days. Today's result is 8.2 g/dL, but the patient feels well, the vital signs are normal and there is no bleeding. What should the nurse suspect first?
AA normal day-to-day variation in Hb
BAcute bone marrow failure overnight
CSudden massive internal bleeding
DA sample taken from the wrong patient
11.薬理学ふつう
アミトリプチリンなどの三環系抗うつ薬の過量服用が特に危険なのはなぜですか?
A突然の高血糖を起こすから
B不整脈とけいれんを起こすから
C数時間以内に重い肝不全を起こすから
D腎結石を起こすから
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient has a serum potassium of 7.0 mmol/L (mEq/L) and peaked T waves on the ECG. Which drug is given first to protect the heart?
AOral sodium polystyrene sulfonate
BOral potassium chloride
CIntravenous calcium gluconate
DIntravenous furosemide
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
How do clopidogrel and ticagrelor work?
AThey inhibit the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver
BThey dissolve fibrin in existing clots
CThey directly inhibit thrombin in the plasma
DThey block the platelet ADP (P2Y12) receptor
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Four hours after abdominal surgery, a patient's heart rate has risen from 84 to 122/min and they are restless and pale. BP is still 118/76 mmHg, and the surgical drain is filling with blood. What should the nurse conclude?
AEarly haemorrhagic shock is likely, so escalate urgently
BThe drain is working well, so no action is needed
CThe patient is stable because the blood pressure is normal
DThe tachycardia is from pain and needs only analgesia
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
An older patient with a long-term catheter has bacteria in the urine but no symptoms. What is usually appropriate?
ANo antibiotics, as long as there are no symptoms
BAntibiotics for life to keep the urine sterile
CA full course of antibiotics straight away
DRemove the catheter permanently at once
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
患者に、激しい頭痛、発汗、動悸、非常に高い血圧の発作があります。どの疾患を考えるべきですか?
Aアジソン病
B尿崩症
C褐色細胞腫
D甲状腺機能低下症
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
麻酔中の悪性高熱症で、最も早く現れる徴候としてよくみられるのはどれですか?
A体温の着実な低下
B原因不明の呼気終末CO₂の上昇
C心拍数の低下と低血圧
DCO₂値の低下を伴う紅潮した皮膚
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
An older patient with atrial fibrillation has sudden severe abdominal pain, but the abdomen is soft with little tenderness. Lactate is raised. What should the nurse suspect?
AMuscle strain from coughing
BSimple constipation
CIrritable bowel syndrome
DAcute mesenteric ischaemia
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
出生後の最初の数時間に、低血糖のリスクが最も高い新生児はどれですか?
A5 分後のアプガースコアが 9 の赤ちゃん
B健康な母親から予定帝王切開で生まれた赤ちゃん
C糖尿病の母親から生まれた大きな赤ちゃん
D平均的な体重で、よく母乳を飲んでいる正期産児
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
子癇前症の女性が強直間代発作を起こしました。看護師が最初にすべきことは何ですか?
A応援を呼び、そばにいて、けがから守り、可能になったら側臥位にする
B腕と脚を押さえつける
C舌を噛み切らないように、歯の間に舌圧子やパッド付きのエアウェイを入れる
D子宮底長を測る
21.小児看護ふつう
What is the purpose of grommets (tympanostomy tubes) in a child with repeated middle ear problems?
ATo widen the outer ear canal and reduce the build-up of wax
BTo give antibiotics directly into the inner ear
CTo ventilate the middle ear and let fluid drain
DTo replace the damaged eardrum permanently
22.小児看護むずかしい
Only one negative-pressure room is available. Which child should be placed in it?
AA child with RSV bronchiolitis
BA child with suspected measles
CA child with norovirus gastroenteritis and vomiting
DA child with impetigo
23.精神看護ふつう
A newly admitted patient asks, "Do you think I'm crazy?" Which response is most therapeutic?
A"Everyone here is a bit crazy in some way, so there's really nothing for you to worry about."
B"You seem worried about what being here means. Can you tell me more?"
C"Yes, but you're in the right place now."
D"Of course not. Only crazy people would ask that."
SSKIN stands for Surface, Skin inspection, Keep moving, Incontinence and moisture, and Nutrition and hydration. Regular repositioning relieves pressure on the skin.
答え: A · Explain the risks, notify the provider and follow the policy for leaving against advice
これが答えになる理由
Holding a competent adult against their will can be false imprisonment. The nurse explains the risks, informs the provider, asks the patient to sign the against-advice form if they agree and documents the discussion.
答え
A · Explain the risks, notify the provider and follow the policy for leaving against advice
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · “I will press the button for her while she is asleep so she stays comfortable.”
これが答えになる理由
PCA is safe because a sleepy patient cannot press the button. If someone else presses it, the patient can receive too much opioid and develop respiratory depression.
答え
A · “I will press the button for her while she is asleep so she stays comfortable.”
The 4 Hs are hypoxia, hypovolaemia, hypo- or hyperkalaemia and other metabolic causes, and hypothermia. The 4 Ts are thrombosis, tension pneumothorax, tamponade and toxins.
答え: B · It is always diluted and given by infusion pump, never as an IV push
これが答えになる理由
Concentrated potassium chloride given as an IV push can cause fatal cardiac arrest, so it is never pushed. It is diluted, mixed well and given by infusion pump at a rate set by protocol, often with cardiac monitoring at higher rates.
答え
B · It is always diluted and given by infusion pump, never as an IV push
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · A sample taken from the wrong patient
これが答えになる理由
A sudden large change with no clinical change suggests a specimen error, such as wrong blood in the tube or dilution with IV fluid. The nurse assesses the patient, informs the provider and arranges a repeat sample with careful identification, while staying alert for true bleeding.
IV calcium stabilises the myocardial cell membrane within minutes and reduces the risk of arrhythmia. Other treatments then shift potassium into cells (insulin with glucose) or remove it from the body.
答え
C · Intravenous calcium gluconate
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · They block the platelet ADP (P2Y12) receptor
これが答えになる理由
Clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor block the P2Y12 ADP receptor on platelets, reducing aggregation. With aspirin, they form dual antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndromes and stents. Warfarin inhibits vitamin K-dependent factors; dabigatran inhibits thrombin.
答え
D · They block the platelet ADP (P2Y12) receptor
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Early haemorrhagic shock is likely, so escalate urgently
これが答えになる理由
Rising heart rate, restlessness, pallor and visible bleeding are signs of compensated haemorrhagic shock. Waiting for hypotension delays treatment. The nurse escalates urgently, gives oxygen, ensures IV access and anticipates bloods, fluids or blood products and surgical review.
答え
A · Early haemorrhagic shock is likely, so escalate urgently
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · No antibiotics, as long as there are no symptoms
これが答えになる理由
Nearly all long-term catheters become colonised. Treating asymptomatic bacteriuria does not improve outcomes and promotes resistance. Antibiotics are reserved for symptomatic infection.
答え
A · No antibiotics, as long as there are no symptoms
An embolus from AF can block the mesenteric artery, causing bowel ischaemia. Early signs are severe pain with few findings; raised lactate and peritonitis appear as the bowel dies. It needs urgent CT and surgery.
答え: C · To ventilate the middle ear and let fluid drain
これが答えになる理由
Grommets are small tubes placed in the eardrum that equalise pressure and let fluid drain from the middle ear, improving hearing. They usually fall out by themselves as the eardrum heals.
答え
C · To ventilate the middle ear and let fluid drain
22.小児看護
答え: B · A child with suspected measles
これが答えになる理由
Negative-pressure rooms are for airborne infections such as measles, chickenpox and tuberculosis. RSV mainly needs contact (and often droplet) precautions, impetigo contact precautions and norovirus contact precautions with strict hand hygiene.
答え
B · A child with suspected measles
23.精神看護
答え: B · "You seem worried about what being here means. Can you tell me more?"
これが答えになる理由
The question often hides fear or shame about being in a mental health setting. Exploring the concern shows acceptance, while labelling or false reassurance does not help.
答え
B · "You seem worried about what being here means. Can you tell me more?"
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
インチでの身長
5·12 + 2 = 62 in
インチからセンチメートルへ
h = 62·2.54 = 157.5 ≈ 157 cm
答え
h = 157 cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 150 mL
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1 回あたりの容量
1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
全投与期間
V = 5 mL × 3/日 × 10 = 150 mL
答え
V = 150 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 2 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
混合後の濃度
1000 mg/5 mL = 200 mg/mL
体積
V = 400/200 = 2 mL
答え
V = 2 mL
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 11.7 mL
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
体重から求めた投与量
10·28 = 280 mg
体積
V = (280/120)·5 = 11.67 ≈ 11.7 mL
答え
V = 11.7 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 240 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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