Why is pyridoxine (vitamin B6) often given with isoniazid?
ATo prevent loss of colour vision
BTo prevent peripheral neuropathy
CTo prevent gout attacks
DTo prevent orange discolouration of urine
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Shortly after a thoracentesis, a patient becomes breathless with sharp chest pain and reduced breath sounds on the same side. What complication is most likely?
ARe-accumulation of the effusion
BPneumothorax
CPulmonary embolism from the leg
DInfection at the puncture site
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
急性腎障害の基準(KDIGO)のうち、尿量に関するものはどれですか?
A2 mL/kg/時未満が1時間
B尿の色のあらゆる変化
C0.5 mL/kg/時未満が6時間以上
D摂取量にかかわらず、24時間で1 L未満
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
After a stroke, a patient suddenly cries or laughs at odd moments. They say they do not feel sad. Which response is most appropriate?
AAsk the doctor for a sedative to stop the outbursts
BIgnore it, because it shows that the patient is seeking attention from the staff
CExplain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
DTell the patient that crying will slow their recovery
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which statement about moist wound healing is correct?
AWounds heal fastest when left to dry out and form a scab
BA wet wound bed always prevents infection
CWounds should be soaked in water for hours every day
DA moist, not wet, wound bed helps cells move and heal faster
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A nurse teaches a carer about overnight tube feeding at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll flush the tube with water before and after his medicines."
B"I'll check the external length mark on the tube every day."
C"I'll let him lie flat so he sleeps better while the feed runs."
D"I'll stop the feed and call if he coughs or struggles to breathe."
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A pregnant woman takes warfarin for a mechanical heart valve. Why is she usually switched to heparin for much of the pregnancy?
AHeparin crosses the placenta better and also protects the fetus
BHeparin can be taken as a tablet once a day
CWarfarin is ineffective in pregnancy
DWarfarin crosses the placenta and can harm the fetus
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A labouring woman has had an epidural for 3 hours. The fundus is displaced and a bulge is seen above the pubic bone. What should the nurse do?
ACheck for bladder distension and empty the bladder
BStart an oxytocin infusion
CIncrease the rate of the epidural
DPrepare her for an emergency caesarean
21.小児看護ふつう
An infant with heart failure is treated with furosemide. Which blood result is most important to monitor?
Opioids such as codeine and morphine slow gut movement and commonly cause constipation. Senna, lactulose and docusate are laxatives.
答え
B · Codeine
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Touch signals reduce pain signals passing up the spinal cord
これが答えになる理由
The gate control theory proposes that input from touch fibres "closes the gate" in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, reducing pain transmission. This underlies massage and TENS.
答え
A · Touch signals reduce pain signals passing up the spinal cord
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Regular oral care to reduce bacteria in the mouth
これが答えになる理由
Oral care, including tooth brushing, reduces the bacteria that can be aspirated around the endotracheal tube. It is part of ventilator care along with head elevation and sedation review.
答え
C · Regular oral care to reduce bacteria in the mouth
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Switch off the power or unplug the lamp without touching the person
これが答えになる理由
The rescuer must not touch someone still in contact with live current. The power is switched off or the plug pulled first, then the person is assessed and resuscitation is started if needed.
答え
D · Switch off the power or unplug the lamp without touching the person
A ventilator-dependent patient is at immediate risk. The nurse checks that the ventilator is on emergency power or battery and keeps a manual resuscitation bag ready.
答え: A · Delirium starts suddenly and fluctuates, while dementia develops gradually
これが答えになる理由
Delirium develops over hours to days, with fluctuating attention and consciousness, and is often reversible when the cause is treated. Dementia is a gradual, progressive decline. Patients with dementia are at higher risk of delirium.
答え
A · Delirium starts suddenly and fluctuates, while dementia develops gradually
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Vitamin K (phytonadione)
これが答えになる理由
Warfarin blocks vitamin K–dependent clotting factors, and vitamin K restores their production over hours. For serious bleeding, a prothrombin complex concentrate may also be given to replace factors at once. The warfarin is held.確認に用いた資料:Label: WARFARIN SODIUM tablet · DailyMed (NLM/FDA) (2012)
答え
B · Vitamin K (phytonadione)
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Past infection that has resolved, with immunity
これが答えになる理由
The vaccine contains only surface antigen, so vaccination produces anti-HBs alone. A positive anti-HBc shows past or current infection; with HBsAg negative and anti-HBs positive, the infection has cleared and the person is immune.確認に用いた資料:Hepatitis Testing · MedlinePlus (NIH)
答え
A · Past infection that has resolved, with immunity
11.薬理学
答え: D · Tetanus vaccine and tetanus immunoglobulin
これが答えになる理由
Tetanus immunoglobulin gives immediate passive protection, while the vaccine starts active immunity. Thorough wound cleaning is also essential.
Isoniazid increases pyridoxine loss, which can cause peripheral neuropathy, especially in people with diabetes, alcohol dependence, malnutrition or HIV. Pyridoxine prevents this. Isoniazid can also cause hepatitis. Ethambutol affects vision; pyrazinamide can cause gout.
答え
B · To prevent peripheral neuropathy
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Pneumothorax
これが答えになる理由
Pneumothorax is a common complication of thoracentesis, caused by the needle puncturing the lung or air entering the chest. The nurse assesses the patient, gives oxygen and informs the team, who will arrange a chest X-ray. An effusion re-accumulates over days, and infection appears later.
答え: C · Explain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
これが答えになる理由
Emotional lability (pseudobulbar affect) is common after stroke: crying or laughter does not match the person's mood. Explaining it, staying calm and gently distracting the patient helps. True depression is also common and should be screened for separately.
答え
C · Explain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · A moist, not wet, wound bed helps cells move and heal faster
これが答えになる理由
A moist environment supports cell migration, autolytic debridement and less pain. Too much moisture causes maceration, so dressings are chosen to balance exudate.
答え
D · A moist, not wet, wound bed helps cells move and heal faster
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · "I'll let him lie flat so he sleeps better while the feed runs."
これが答えになる理由
The head should stay raised by at least 30–45° during feeding and for a while afterwards. Flushing, checking the tube length and stopping for breathing problems are all correct.
答え
C · "I'll let him lie flat so he sleeps better while the feed runs."
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Warfarin crosses the placenta and can harm the fetus
これが答えになる理由
Warfarin crosses the placenta and is teratogenic and can cause fetal bleeding. Heparins are large molecules that do not cross the placenta, so low molecular weight heparin is commonly used instead.
答え
D · Warfarin crosses the placenta and can harm the fetus
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Check for bladder distension and empty the bladder
これが答えになる理由
Epidurals block bladder sensation, so the bladder can overfill. A full bladder can slow descent of the fetus and cause injury. The nurse should encourage voiding or catheterise per protocol.
答え
A · Check for bladder distension and empty the bladder
21.小児看護
答え: D · Serum potassium
これが答えになる理由
Furosemide causes loss of potassium in the urine. Low potassium can cause arrhythmias and increases the risk of digoxin toxicity, so potassium is checked regularly.
答え: A · It is a lasting pattern of perfectionism and control without true obsessions and compulsions
これが答えになる理由
In OCPD, rigid perfectionism, orderliness and control are part of the personality and usually feel right to the person. In OCD, the person has intrusive obsessions and compulsions that they usually find distressing.
答え
A · It is a lasting pattern of perfectionism and control without true obsessions and compulsions
24.精神看護
答え: D · Explain that safety information must be shared, and involve her in how this is done
これが答えになる理由
Confidentiality has limits when there is risk of harm. The nurse explains this honestly, assesses risk and works with the young person on how and with whom information is shared, in line with safeguarding policy.
答え
D · Explain that safety information must be shared, and involve her in how this is done
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
混合後の濃度
500 mg/5 mL = 100 mg/mL
体積
V = 200/100 = 2 mL
答え
V = 2 mL
28.投与量の計算
答え: V₁ = 2 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
原液の量
V₁ = 1·100/50 = 2 mL
答え
V₁ = 2 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 50 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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