A severely malnourished patient is about to start feeding. Which complication is a particular risk?
ASudden weight gain of several kilograms of fat in the first week
BVery high blood sodium in the first hour
CImmediate allergic reaction to the feed
DRefeeding syndrome with low phosphate, potassium and magnesium
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Which patient has the highest risk of a burn from a heating pad?
AA patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
BA patient with a sprained wrist who is fully alert
CA patient recovering from a cold
DA healthy young adult with a strained muscle
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse teaches an older adult about preventing falls at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I had grab bars put in next to the toilet.”
B“I keep small rugs in the hall so my feet stay warm.”
C“I wear shoes with non-slip soles around the house.”
D“I use night lights between my bedroom and the bathroom.”
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
申し送りの後、看護師が最初に診るべき患者はどれですか?
A利尿薬を使用していて、午前 8 時から 400 mL の尿を出した患者
B面会者が来る前にシャワーの介助を求めている患者
C新しいギプスをつけて、足の感覚がなくなり、足の指が冷たいと言う患者
D変形性関節症で、毎朝のこわばりを訴えている患者
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
住宅火災から救出された患者に、顔面の熱傷、鼻毛の焦げ、嗄声があります。優先すべきことは何ですか?
A気道を守り、早期の気道確保に備える
B顔面の熱傷を洗浄してドレッシングを貼る
C鎮痛を行う
D熱傷の面積から計算した、輸液蘇生を開始する
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient with Guillain–Barré syndrome has weakness spreading upwards from the legs. Which monitoring is most important?
ABreathing function, such as forced vital capacity
BBlood glucose, measured once a day before breakfast
CVisual acuity
DWeekly weight
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A nurse phones a doctor about a deteriorating patient using SBAR. Which statement belongs in the "R" section?
A"He was admitted three days ago with pneumonia."
B"Please review him within the next 15 minutes."
C"His blood pressure is 85/50 and he is confused."
D"I am calling about Mr Smith, who is breathless."
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient's potassium is 7.0 mEq/L. Which ECG change would the nurse expect?
AFlattened T waves
BDelta waves before the QRS
CTall, peaked T waves
DProminent U waves
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with C. difficile diarrhea has a white cell count of 24 × 10³/µL and a creatinine that has risen to 2.1 mg/dL (186 µmol/L). What does this indicate?
ASevere C. difficile infection
BMild infection needing no treatment
CSuccessful response to treatment
DUnrelated chronic kidney disease
11.薬理学ふつう
ドキシサイクリンを牛乳や制酸薬と同時に飲んではいけないのはなぜですか?
Aカルシウムなどの金属イオンが結合し、吸収が減るから
B組み合わせると重い便秘を起こすから
C牛乳が酵素を誘導して、肝臓での分解を速めるから
D制酸薬が有毒な化合物に変えるから
12.薬理学むずかしい
A 19-year-old woman is starting isotretinoin for severe acne. Which requirement is most important?
AA high-vitamin A diet to boost the effect
BWeekly hearing tests and monthly eye examinations during treatment
CReliable contraception and pregnancy tests, as it is highly teratogenic
DTaking the drug only at weekends
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why is pyridoxine (vitamin B6) often given with isoniazid?
ATo prevent orange discolouration of urine
BTo prevent gout attacks
CTo prevent peripheral neuropathy
DTo prevent loss of colour vision
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient on three blood pressure drugs still has high readings at every visit. What should the nurse check first?
AWhether the patient needs surgery on the renal arteries
BWhether the readings should be ignored
CWhether a fourth drug can be added at today's appointment
DWhether the patient is taking the medicines as prescribed
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
The day after a thyroidectomy, a patient reports tingling around the mouth and in the fingers. Why might this happen?
AThe parathyroid glands may have been damaged, lowering calcium
BThe anaesthetic has caused an allergic reaction
CThe thyroid hormone level has risen too high after surgery
DThe patient is breathing too slowly after the operation
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
看護師が4人の患者のケアをしています。最初に診るべき患者はどれですか?
Aリン吸着薬について尋ねている、CKDの患者
B排液が透明な、腹膜透析の患者
C開頭術の後で、右の瞳孔が新たに散大して対光反応が鈍い患者
Dレボチロキシンの時間になっている、安定した甲状腺機能低下症の患者
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which wound drain observation should be reported immediately?
AA little dried blood around the drain site
BA sudden large volume of fresh red blood
CSmall amounts of pink serous fluid
DDrainage slowly falling each day
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A category (stage) 4 pressure ulcer is now healing and shallower. How should it be documented according to standard guidance?
AAs a healing category 4 pressure ulcer
BAs a category 2 pressure ulcer now
CAs a category 1 pressure ulcer now
DAs a fully healed ulcer that can be removed from the record
答え: D · Refeeding syndrome with low phosphate, potassium and magnesium
これが答えになる理由
When feeding restarts after starvation, insulin release drives phosphate, potassium and magnesium into the cells. Low levels can cause heart failure and arrhythmias, so feeding starts slowly and bloods are monitored.
答え
D · Refeeding syndrome with low phosphate, potassium and magnesium
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · A patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
これが答えになる理由
Reduced sensation, as in peripheral neuropathy, prevents a person from feeling heat damage. Patients with poor sensation, poor circulation or confusion need very close monitoring if heat is used at all.
答え
A · A patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · “I keep small rugs in the hall so my feet stay warm.”
これが答えになる理由
Loose rugs are a common cause of trips and falls and should be removed or secured. Night lights, grab bars and non-slip footwear all reduce fall risk.
答え
B · “I keep small rugs in the hall so my feet stay warm.”
答え: A · Breathing function, such as forced vital capacity
これが答えになる理由
Guillain–Barré syndrome can paralyse the respiratory muscles. Serial vital capacity measurements help identify patients who need ventilation before they deteriorate.
答え
A · Breathing function, such as forced vital capacity
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · "Please review him within the next 15 minutes."
これが答えになる理由
In SBAR, R is the recommendation or request, such as a review within a time frame. The other statements belong to Assessment, Background and Situation.
答え
B · "Please review him within the next 15 minutes."
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Tall, peaked T waves
これが答えになる理由
Hyperkalemia first causes tall, peaked T waves, then a prolonged PR interval, loss of P waves and a wide QRS, which can lead to ventricular fibrillation or asystole. U waves and flat T waves are signs of hypokalemia.確認に用いた資料:High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Potassium test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
C · Tall, peaked T waves
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Severe C. difficile infection
これが答えになる理由
A white count of 15 × 10³/µL or more or a creatinine above 1.5 mg/dL marks severe C. difficile infection. These patients need prompt treatment, fluid replacement and close monitoring for complications such as toxic megacolon. Contact precautions with soap-and-water hand hygiene are used.
答え: C · Reliable contraception and pregnancy tests, as it is highly teratogenic
これが答えになる理由
Isotretinoin causes severe birth defects. Pregnancy prevention programmes require effective contraception and regular pregnancy tests before, during and after treatment.
答え
C · Reliable contraception and pregnancy tests, as it is highly teratogenic
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · To prevent peripheral neuropathy
これが答えになる理由
Isoniazid increases pyridoxine loss, which can cause peripheral neuropathy, especially in people with diabetes, alcohol dependence, malnutrition or HIV. Pyridoxine prevents this. Isoniazid can also cause hepatitis. Ethambutol affects vision; pyrazinamide can cause gout.
答え
C · To prevent peripheral neuropathy
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Whether the patient is taking the medicines as prescribed
これが答えになる理由
Before labelling hypertension as resistant, adherence, measurement technique, white-coat effect and interacting substances (NSAIDs, decongestants, alcohol, liquorice) should be checked. Side effects, cost and complex regimens are common reasons for missed doses.
答え
D · Whether the patient is taking the medicines as prescribed
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · The parathyroid glands may have been damaged, lowering calcium
これが答えになる理由
The parathyroid glands lie behind the thyroid and can be damaged or removed during surgery. Low PTH leads to hypocalcaemia, causing tingling, cramps and, if severe, tetany or arrhythmias. Calcium is checked after surgery.
答え
A · The parathyroid glands may have been damaged, lowering calcium
A sudden increase in bright red drainage suggests active haemorrhage. The nurse checks vital signs and informs the surgical team urgently. Gradually decreasing serosanguinous drainage is expected.
答え
B · A sudden large volume of fresh red blood
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · As a healing category 4 pressure ulcer
これが答えになる理由
Pressure ulcers are not "reverse staged" because granulation tissue does not replace the muscle, fat and dermis that were lost. The wound is described as a healing category 4 ulcer.
答え: A · No sport that day; return step by step once symptoms have gone
これが答えになる理由
A child with suspected concussion should never return to play the same day. After a short period of relative rest, a stepwise return to school and then sport is followed, progressing only while symptom-free, with medical review for red flags.
答え
A · No sport that day; return step by step once symptoms have gone
答え: C · Depression in older adults can look like dementia and is treatable
これが答えになる理由
Depression can cause slowed thinking and poor concentration that resemble dementia, sometimes called pseudodementia. Unlike dementia, the cognitive problems usually improve when the depression is treated.
答え
C · Depression in older adults can look like dementia and is treatable
24.精神看護
答え: C · A 72-year-old widowed man with alcohol dependence who has a gun at home and a plan
これが答えになる理由
Older age, male sex, being widowed, substance misuse, access to lethal means and a specific plan all raise suicide risk. Having several factors together greatly increases the overall risk.
答え
C · A 72-year-old widowed man with alcohol dependence who has a gun at home and a plan
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1 回あたりの容量
½ tsp = 0.5·5 = 2.5 mL
全投与期間
V = 2.5 mL × 2/日 × 7 = 35 mL
答え
V = 35 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 90 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
30·12 = 360 mg
1 回あたり
D = 360/4 = 90 mg
答え
D = 90 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V₁ = 10 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
原液の量
V₁ = 5·100/50 = 10 mL
答え
V₁ = 10 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 15 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
1 分あたりのミリリットル
60/60 = 1 mL/min
滴下速度
R = 1·15 = 15 gtt/min
答え
R = 15 gtt/min
30.点滴速度
答え: R = 20 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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