A patient standing for the first time after surgery becomes pale, sweaty and dizzy. What should the nurse do first?
AGive the patient a sugary drink while standing
BEncourage the patient to keep walking to build strength
CLeave the patient standing and fetch the blood pressure machine
DHelp the patient sit or lie down safely
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Which PPE does a nurse wear when giving an IV chemotherapy drug?
AOne pair of standard latex gloves, changed after the infusion is started
BTwo pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
CA reusable cloth gown and one pair of gloves
DA surgical mask and no gloves
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient after heart surgery has temporary epicardial pacing wires. Why do staff take special care with electrical safety?
APacing wires can only carry current coming from the pacemaker box itself
BElectrical safety only matters for patients who have permanent implanted pacemakers
CSmall currents can travel along the wires straight to the heart and cause arrhythmias
DThe wires make the patient immune to electric shock
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
ESI を用いたとき、最も高い緊急度レベルになるのはどの患者ですか?
A3 日間のどが痛く、バイタルサインが正常な患者
B反応がなく、あえぐような不規則な呼吸をしている患者
C足首の骨折の疑いがある患者
D胸痛があり、バイタルサインが正常な患者
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
An 85-year-old resident becomes newly confused and is falling, but has no fever. Which cause should the nurse consider first?
ABoredom from not having enough activities
BNormal aging that needs no assessment
CA sudden worsening of long-standing dementia that needs no tests
DAn infection, such as a urinary tract infection, presenting atypically
7.臨床看護学ふつう
For a patient in skin traction on the leg, which is correct?
AThe weights are removed whenever the patient feels uncomfortable
BThe rope is tied to the bed frame to keep it still
CThe weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
DThe weights rest on the floor overnight
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A severely hypothermic patient is in cardiac arrest. Why is resuscitation usually continued until they are rewarmed?
AAdrenaline works better in cold patients
BCold patients cannot be defibrillated at all, so CPR is the only possible treatment
CThe cold protects the brain, so recovery may be possible after long resuscitation
DHypothermia always causes brain death quickly
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A healthy woman at 28 weeks of pregnancy has a mildly lower hemoglobin than before pregnancy, with a normal MCV and ferritin. What is the most likely explanation?
AIron is being lost through the kidneys during the pregnancy
BThe fetus is destroying the mother's red cells in the circulation
CPlasma volume rises more than red cell mass, diluting the blood
DPregnancy hormones stop the bone marrow from making red cells
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with kidney stones and fatigue has a calcium of 11.6 mg/dL (2.9 mmol/L), a high parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a low phosphate. Which condition is most likely?
In fetal circulation, what is the function of the foramen ovale?
AIt carries blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta
BIt carries blood from the aorta back to the placenta
CIt shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium
DIt lets blood from the umbilical vein bypass the liver
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
After treatment for a molar pregnancy, what is the most important teaching point?
ATry to conceive again as soon as possible to reduce recurrence
BAttend serial hCG checks and use reliable contraception during follow-up
CAvoid all physical activity for 6 months
DNo further follow-up is needed once the uterus is empty
21.小児看護ふつう
脊髄髄膜瘤の手術前に、新生児の嚢をどのように保護すべきですか?
A嚢を支えるため、嚢の周りに柔らかいリングを置いてあおむけに寝かせる
Bきつい乾燥した包帯を巻く
C滅菌した湿潤状態の非固着性ドレッシングで覆い、赤ちゃんを腹臥位にする
D乾燥させるために覆わずにおく
22.小児看護むずかしい
A mother says her 3-month-old broke his thigh bone by crawling off the bed. What should concern the nurse?
AThigh fractures are common in young infants with soft bones
BThe explanation does not fit the baby's stage of development
CThe fracture is too small to need treatment and will heal by itself
DBabies of this age often crawl and fall
23.精神看護ふつう
What is the main difference between disulfiram and naltrexone in alcohol dependence?
ANaltrexone is used only for alcohol withdrawal; disulfiram is used only for treating an alcohol overdose
BDisulfiram causes an unpleasant reaction to alcohol; naltrexone reduces craving and reward
CBoth work in exactly the same way, so they are fully interchangeable
DDisulfiram reduces craving; naltrexone causes vomiting when alcohol is drunk
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient who has worked well with the nurse for three weeks becomes angry and refuses to attend their sessions after being told that discharge is planned for next week. What is the best interpretation?
AThe patient no longer needs the sessions and should be discharged at once
BThe patient has developed a new psychotic illness
CThe patient is reacting to the coming end of the relationship
DThe nurse has made an error and should cancel the discharge
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある新生児の体重は 8 lb 13 oz です。1 lb = 16 oz と 1 kg = 2.2 lb を使って、体重 m をキログラムで求めてください。小数第2位に丸めてください。
8 lb 13 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴が 19:30 に始まり、翌朝の 02:25 に終了しました(24時間表記)。何分 t 続きましたか。
19:3002:25
t = min
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 40 kg の子どもに、4 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 50 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
40 kg4 mg/kg50 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
患者の体重は 145.2 lb です。処方は 1 回量として 15 mg/kg で、原液は 5 mL 中に 250 mg を含みます。1 kg = 2.2 lb として、何 mL V 投与しますか?
145.2 lb15 mg/kg250 mg/5 mL1 kg = 2.2 lb
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
60 mL/h での輸液が指示されていますが、ポンプがありません。10 滴/mL の輸液セットを使って自然落下で投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
60 mL/h10 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
1000 mL を 8 時間で投与するよう指示されています。3 時間後、バッグにまだ 790 mL 残っていることがわかりましたが、予定どおりの時間に終える必要があります。 元のポンプ速度を何パーセント Δ 上げる必要がありますか?
1000 mL / 8 h経過時間 3 h: 790 mL
Δ = %
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 バッグには 500 mL 中にヘパリン 25 000 単位が含まれています。体重 86 kg の患者に 14 単位/kg/h の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
25 000 個/500 mL14 個/kg/h86 kg
R = mL/h
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 バッグには dopamine 400 mg が 250 mL 中に含まれています。体重 56 kg の患者に 2 mcg/kg/min の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
400 mg/250 mL2 mcg/kg/min56 kg
R = mL/h
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。水分出納 B = 摂取量 − 排泄量 を mL で求めてください(負の答えは正味の喪失を意味します)。 氷片は体積の半分として数えます。
These signs suggest postural hypotension and a risk of fainting. The nurse lowers the patient safely first, then checks blood pressure and pulse and reports the finding.
答え
D · Help the patient sit or lie down safely
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Two pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
これが答えになる理由
Hazardous drugs can be absorbed through the skin or inhaled. Staff wear double chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable, low-permeability gown, with eye and face protection if splashing is possible.
答え
B · Two pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Small currents can travel along the wires straight to the heart and cause arrhythmias
これが答えになる理由
Wires that lead directly to the heart allow tiny currents (microshock) to reach the myocardium and cause ventricular fibrillation. Staff wear gloves when handling them, cover exposed ends and use properly grounded equipment.
答え
C · Small currents can travel along the wires straight to the heart and cause arrhythmias
答え: D · An infection, such as a urinary tract infection, presenting atypically
これが答えになる理由
Older adults often present with confusion or falls rather than fever when they have an infection. New confusion is a change that needs assessment for causes such as infection, dehydration or medication.
答え
D · An infection, such as a urinary tract infection, presenting atypically
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · The weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
これが答えになる理由
Weights must hang freely so the pull is continuous and in line. Nurses also check the skin, circulation and sensation of the limb.
答え
C · The weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · The cold protects the brain, so recovery may be possible after long resuscitation
これが答えになる理由
Hypothermia reduces the brain's oxygen needs, and good recoveries have occurred after long resuscitation. Death is usually not confirmed until the patient has been rewarmed, unless injuries are clearly not survivable.
答え
C · The cold protects the brain, so recovery may be possible after long resuscitation
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Plasma volume rises more than red cell mass, diluting the blood
これが答えになる理由
In pregnancy, plasma volume increases by more than red cell mass, so the hemoglobin falls slightly (physiologic or dilutional anemia). Iron deficiency is still common in pregnancy and is checked with the MCV and ferritin.確認に用いた資料:Anemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答え
C · Plasma volume rises more than red cell mass, diluting the blood
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Primary hyperparathyroidism
これが答えになる理由
In primary hyperparathyroidism, usually from an adenoma, PTH is high despite high calcium, and phosphate is low because PTH increases its excretion. Cancer-related hypercalcemia typically has a suppressed PTH.確認に用いた資料:Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Hyperparathyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
ST elevation in V1–V4 indicates an anteroseptal STEMI, usually from LAD occlusion. Anterior MIs damage a large area of muscle and carry a high risk of heart failure and arrhythmias. Leads II, III and aVF suggest an inferior MI, usually from the right coronary artery.
答え
A · The left anterior descending artery
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Live vaccines are usually avoided
これが答えになる理由
Live vaccines, such as yellow fever, can cause infection in immunosuppressed patients and are usually avoided. Inactivated vaccines, such as influenza, are recommended, although the response may be weaker.
答え
D · Live vaccines are usually avoided
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Rapid correction can cause brain swelling
これが答えになる理由
In chronic hypernatraemia, brain cells adapt by holding extra solutes. If the sodium falls too quickly, water rushes into the cells and causes cerebral oedema and seizures. Correction is gradual, with regular sodium checks.
答え
A · Rapid correction can cause brain swelling
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Small, frequent meals low in simple sugars, with fluids between meals
これが答えになる理由
Small meals, fewer simple sugars, more protein and fibre, and taking fluids between rather than with meals slow emptying and reduce fluid shifts. Lying down briefly after meals can also help.
答え
C · Small, frequent meals low in simple sugars, with fluids between meals
答え: C · It shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium
これが答えになる理由
The foramen ovale shunts blood from the right to the left atrium. The ductus arteriosus links the pulmonary artery to the aorta, and the ductus venosus lets umbilical venous blood bypass the liver.
答え
C · It shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Attend serial hCG checks and use reliable contraception during follow-up
これが答えになる理由
hCG is followed until it is undetectable because persistent trophoblastic disease or choriocarcinoma can develop. A new pregnancy would raise hCG and hide this, so reliable contraception is advised during follow-up.
答え
B · Attend serial hCG checks and use reliable contraception during follow-up
答え: B · The explanation does not fit the baby's stage of development
これが答えになる理由
A 3-month-old cannot crawl, and femur fractures in non-mobile infants are rare without major force. A history that does not match the injury or the child's development is a key indicator of possible abuse, so safeguarding procedures are followed.
答え
B · The explanation does not fit the baby's stage of development
23.精神看護
答え: B · Disulfiram causes an unpleasant reaction to alcohol; naltrexone reduces craving and reward
これが答えになる理由
Disulfiram blocks the breakdown of acetaldehyde, so drinking causes flushing, nausea and palpitations. Naltrexone blocks opioid receptors and reduces the pleasurable effect of alcohol.
答え
B · Disulfiram causes an unpleasant reaction to alcohol; naltrexone reduces craving and reward
24.精神看護
答え: C · The patient is reacting to the coming end of the relationship
これが答えになる理由
Anger, withdrawal or return of symptoms are common responses to termination. The nurse acknowledges the feelings, reviews progress and helps the patient prepare for the ending.
答え
C · The patient is reacting to the coming end of the relationship
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: m = 4.01 kg
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
体重 (kg)
145.2/2.2 = 66 kg
投与量
15·66 = 990 mg
体積
V = (990/250)·5 = 19.8 mL
答え
V = 19.8 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 10 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
1 分あたりのミリリットル
60/60 = 1 mL/min
滴下速度
R = 1·10 = 10 gtt/min
答え
R = 10 gtt/min
30.点滴速度
答え: Δ = 26.4 %
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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