A patient has a sodium of 150 mEq/L, a glucose of 180 mg/dL and a BUN of 28 mg/dL. Using the formula 2 × Na + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8, what is the calculated serum osmolality?
AAbout 285 mOsm/kg, which is normal
BAbout 320 mOsm/kg, which is high
CAbout 300 mOsm/kg, which is normal
DAbout 358 mOsm/kg, which is high
11.薬理学ふつう
Why are benzodiazepines used with great caution in older people?
AThey cause permanent hearing loss in older people
BThey are not absorbed from the gut after age 65
CThey raise the risk of confusion, falls and fractures
DThey cause severe high blood pressure in older people
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on disulfiram becomes flushed, nauseated and has palpitations after using a mouthwash. What is the most likely cause?
AAlcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction
BAn allergy to mint flavouring in the mouthwash
CLow blood glucose from skipping breakfast
DDisulfiram toxicity from taking too many tablets by mistake
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient is starting doxazosin, an alpha-blocker, for hypertension. Which advice is most important?
ATake it with a large glass of grapefruit juice to improve absorption
BTake the first dose at bedtime, as dizziness and fainting can occur
CStop it suddenly if the heart rate rises after the first few doses
DAvoid all potassium-containing foods
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
After a fall onto the chest, part of a patient's chest wall moves inward when they breathe in and outward when they breathe out. What does this indicate?
AA flail chest from ribs broken in more than one place
BA single simple rib fracture with no lung injury
CNormal chest movement caused by pain on breathing
DA large pleural effusion pressing on the chest wall
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Where is the zero point of an external ventricular drain usually levelled?
AAt the tragus of the ear
BAt the level of the umbilicus
CAt the top of the head
DAt the mid-axillary line of the chest
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient's corrected calcium is 1.7 mmol/L (about 6.8 mg/dL). Which ECG change is most typical?
AA shortened QT interval
BST elevation in all leads
CA prolonged QT interval
DTall, peaked T waves
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why do patients with major burns lose so much fluid in the first 24–48 hours?
AThe kidneys stop making urine completely
BLeaky capillaries let plasma move into the tissues
CThe burned skin absorbs fluid from the air
DPatients drink far too little in hospital in the first days
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
Six hours after surgery, a patient has not passed urine, has lower abdominal discomfort and a bladder scan shows 750 mL. What should the nurse do?
ACatheterise as per protocol or prescription
BRestrict fluids until the urge returns
CGive a diuretic to increase urine flow
DWait another twelve hours before acting
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman on day 3 after a caesarean has calf pain, swelling and warmth in one leg. What should the nurse do?
AEncourage her to do vigorous leg exercises
BApply a heating pad and reassess tomorrow
CReport it promptly and avoid massaging the leg
DMassage the calf to relieve the cramp
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
新生児を保温し、拭き、刺激したあとも無呼吸のままです。次のステップは何ですか?
Aすぐに胸骨圧迫を開始する
B何かする前に、5 分後のアプガースコアを待って評価する
C赤ちゃんを逆さにして背中を叩く
Dバッグ・マスクで陽圧換気を開始する
21.小児看護ふつう
A child's asthma action plan shows he is in the yellow zone. What should he do?
AUse the reliever as the plan says and contact the doctor if it does not help
BGo straight to the emergency department without using any medicine first
CDouble the preventer dose and do nothing else
DStop all medicines and wait to see if the symptoms pass
22.小児看護むずかしい
Which long-term problems should be monitored in a child with a repaired cleft palate?
AKidney function and blood pressure
BMiddle ear infections, hearing, speech and teeth
CBone density and fracture risk in the teenage years
DGrowth hormone levels and puberty timing
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient lies awake in bed for hours worrying about not sleeping. Which stimulus control advice is correct?
AIf still awake after about 20 minutes, get up, do something calm and return when sleepy
BLook at the clock often to check how much sleep is being lost
CDo vigorous exercise in the bedroom until tired enough to fall asleep straight away
DStay in bed and watch television or use a phone until sleep finally comes
24.精神看護むずかしい
An 83-year-old becomes confused and constipated and cannot pass urine. She takes amitriptyline, oxybutynin and an over-the-counter sleep aid with diphenhydramine. What is the most likely cause?
AThe normal effects of ageing
BA sign that she needs a higher dose of amitriptyline
CSudden-onset Alzheimer's disease
DThe combined anticholinergic effects of her medicines
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 注射の投与量の計算結果は 4.3674 mL です。 この練習問題のルールは「1 mL以上の容量は、mLの小数第1位に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
4.3674 mL
x = mL
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者が1勤務帯の間に 1½ fl oz / ジュース, 1½ tbsp / 液体サプリメント, 1½ tsp / 咳止めシロップ, ¼ カップ / お茶 を摂取しました。与えられた換算値を使って、経口摂取量の合計 V を mL で求めてください。
1 fl oz = 30 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 tsp = 5 mL1 カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
V = mL
27.投与量の計算ふつう
5%(w/v)溶液 50 mL 中に薬剤は何ミリグラム m 含まれていますか?
5% w/v50 mL
m = mg
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
処方は 210 単位で、薬は 1000 単位/mL で供給されます。1 mL の注射器に用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
210 units1000 units/mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
60 滴/mL の輸液セットで 500 mL を 12 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。 最も近い整数に丸めてください。
500 mL12 h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
点滴が 15 滴/mL のセットで 25 滴/分で落ちています。バッグには 400 mL 残っています。あと何時間 t で空になりますか?
25 gtt/min15 gtt/mL400 mL
t = h
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 輸液には 100 mL 中に速効型インスリン 100 単位が含まれています。指示は 2 単位/h です。ポンプの流量 R を mL/h で求めてください。 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
100 個/100 mL2 個/h
R = mL/h
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 バッグには dobutamine 250 mg が 250 mL 中に含まれています。体重 110 kg の患者に 2.5 mcg/kg/min の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
250 mg/250 mL2.5 mcg/kg/min110 kg
R = mL/h
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 12 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。患者の体重は 79 kg です。平均尿量 U を mL/kg/h で求めてください。 小数第 2 位まで四捨五入してください。
79 kg12 h尿: 275 mL尿: 150 mL創部ドレーン: 110 mL
U = mL/kg/h
34.輸液と水分出納むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 500 mL の輸液を 08:00 に 100 mL/h で開始します。3 時間後に流量を 80 mL/h に変更し、その後は変更しません。開始から何時間後 t にバッグは空になりますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
答え: D · A patient with reduced sensation from diabetic neuropathy
これが答えになる理由
Patients who cannot feel heat properly, such as those with neuropathy, spinal injury or reduced consciousness, can be burned without noticing. Their skin needs extra checks or heat should be avoided.
答え
D · A patient with reduced sensation from diabetic neuropathy
答え: D · Sitting fully upright, and staying upright for a time after eating
これが答えになる理由
Sitting upright during and after meals reduces the risk of aspiration. The patient should also be supervised and given the consistency recommended by the speech and language therapist.
答え
D · Sitting fully upright, and staying upright for a time after eating
下垂体付近の手術は、抗利尿ホルモンの分泌を止めることがあります。それがないと、腎臓は比重の低い薄い尿を大量に出し、ナトリウムが上昇します。SIADH は反対で、濃縮した尿と低ナトリウムです。看護師は摂取量と排泄量を綿密に測定し、早期に報告します。確認に用いた資料:Diabetes insipidus · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Urine specific gravity test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Sodium blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
D · 尿崩症
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · About 320 mOsm/kg, which is high
これが答えになる理由
Osmolality = 300 + 10 + 10 = 320 mOsm/kg, above the typical range of about 275–295 mOsm/kg. The high sodium is the main cause, which points to water loss or too little water intake.確認に用いた資料:Osmolality blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
B · About 320 mOsm/kg, which is high
11.薬理学
答え: C · They raise the risk of confusion, falls and fractures
これが答えになる理由
Older people are more sensitive to benzodiazepines and often eliminate them more slowly. Sedation, unsteadiness and confusion raise the risk of falls and fractures.
答え
C · They raise the risk of confusion, falls and fractures
12.薬理学
答え: A · Alcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction
これが答えになる理由
Disulfiram reactions can occur with small amounts of alcohol in mouthwash, cough syrups, sauces or aftershave. Patients are taught to check labels and avoid all alcohol-containing products.
答え
A · Alcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Take the first dose at bedtime, as dizziness and fainting can occur
これが答えになる理由
Alpha-blockers can cause marked first-dose postural hypotension. Taking the first dose at bedtime and rising slowly reduces the risk of falls. They are also used for symptoms of an enlarged prostate.
答え
B · Take the first dose at bedtime, as dizziness and fainting can occur
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · A flail chest from ribs broken in more than one place
これが答えになる理由
A flail segment occurs when adjacent ribs are fractured in two or more places, so the segment moves paradoxically. It is often associated with lung contusion and respiratory failure. Management includes oxygen, strong analgesia and sometimes ventilation or surgical fixation.
答え
A · A flail chest from ribs broken in more than one place
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · At the tragus of the ear
これが答えになる理由
The EVD is levelled at the tragus, which approximates the foramen of Monro. If the head of the bed is changed, the drain must be re-levelled, because its height decides how much CSF drains.
答え
A · At the tragus of the ear
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · A prolonged QT interval
これが答えになる理由
Hypocalcaemia prolongs the QT interval, which can lead to dangerous arrhythmias. A short QT is seen in hypercalcaemia, and peaked T waves are typical of hyperkalaemia.
答え
C · A prolonged QT interval
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Leaky capillaries let plasma move into the tissues
これが答えになる理由
Inflammatory mediators make capillaries leaky, so plasma moves into the tissues and from the burn surface. Without fluids this causes burn shock; oedema is greatest in the first day or two.
答え
B · Leaky capillaries let plasma move into the tissues
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Catheterise as per protocol or prescription
これが答えになる理由
Urinary retention with a large residual volume needs bladder drainage to prevent discomfort, bladder damage and infection. Following local protocol, an in-and-out or indwelling catheter is used and the volume recorded.
答え
A · Catheterise as per protocol or prescription
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Report it promptly and avoid massaging the leg
これが答えになる理由
One-sided calf pain, swelling and warmth suggest deep vein thrombosis, and the postnatal period is a high-risk time. The leg should not be massaged, and the provider should be informed for urgent assessment.
答え
C · Report it promptly and avoid massaging the leg
答え: A · Use the reliever as the plan says and contact the doctor if it does not help
これが答えになる理由
In the yellow zone (often 50–80% of personal best), the child follows the plan, usually extra reliever doses, and seeks medical advice if symptoms do not improve. Red-zone symptoms need emergency help.
答え
A · Use the reliever as the plan says and contact the doctor if it does not help
22.小児看護
答え: B · Middle ear infections, hearing, speech and teeth
これが答えになる理由
Children with cleft palate often have middle ear effusions and hearing loss because of Eustachian tube dysfunction, and may need speech therapy and orthodontic or dental care. A multidisciplinary cleft team follows them through childhood.
答え
B · Middle ear infections, hearing, speech and teeth
23.精神看護
答え: A · If still awake after about 20 minutes, get up, do something calm and return when sleepy
これが答えになる理由
Stimulus control strengthens the bed as a cue for sleep. Getting up when unable to sleep, using the bed only for sleep and intimacy, and keeping a regular wake time are key parts.
答え
A · If still awake after about 20 minutes, get up, do something calm and return when sleepy
24.精神看護
答え: D · The combined anticholinergic effects of her medicines
これが答えになる理由
Several drugs with anticholinergic effects add up, increasing the risk of delirium, constipation and urinary retention in older adults. A medicine review aims to reduce the total anticholinergic burden.
答え
D · The combined anticholinergic effects of her medicines
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
各項目(mL)
1½ fl oz = 1.5·30 = 45 mL
1½ tbsp = 1.5·15 = 22.5 mL
1½ tsp = 1.5·5 = 7.5 mL
¼ カップ = 0.25·240 = 60 mL
足す
V = 45 + 22.5 + 7.5 + 60 = 135 mL
答え
V = 135 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: m = 2500 mg
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
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