Why is testing for HLA-B*15:02 recommended before carbamazepine in people of some Asian ancestries?
AThis gene variant makes carbamazepine ineffective
BThis gene variant causes carbamazepine to raise blood glucose
CIt greatly raises the risk of Stevens–Johnson syndrome
DThis gene variant speeds up the kidney excretion of carbamazepine
12.薬理学むずかしい
A heparin infusion contains 25,000 units in 500 mL. The order is 1,000 units per hour. What rate should be set on the pump?
A25 mL/h
B20 mL/h
C50 mL/h
D10 mL/h
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
The telemetry monitor suddenly shows a chaotic waveform resembling ventricular fibrillation, but the patient is talking and brushing their teeth. What should the nurse do first?
ADeliver an immediate defibrillation shock before checking anything
BGive IV amiodarone as a bolus
CCheck the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
DStart chest compressions straight away and call the arrest team
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
朝のジゴキシン投与の前に、患者の心尖拍動が54/分で、吐き気があります。看護師はどうすべきですか?
A半量を投与し、1時間後に脈拍を再確認する
B橈骨動脈の脈拍だけが数えられるので、投与する
C投与して制吐薬も与え、明日脈拍を再確認する
D投与を保留して報告する(中毒の可能性があるため)
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Where is the zero point of an external ventricular drain usually levelled?
AAt the tragus of the ear
BAt the mid-axillary line of the chest
CAt the top of the head
DAt the level of the umbilicus
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A nurse teaches a wheelchair user with a spinal cord injury about skin care. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will use a mirror to check my bottom and heels every day."
B"I only need to check my skin when something hurts."
C"I will shift my weight in the chair regularly."
D"I will keep my skin clean and dry."
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
A patient is starting regular oral morphine. Which bowel advice is most appropriate?
ATake a bulk-forming laxative only with very little water
BWait until there has been no stool for a week
CStart a regular laxative at the same time
DStop eating fibre completely
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A nurse teaches a patient with a new ileostomy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll chew my food well to avoid blockages."
B"I'll drink less so my bag fills more slowly."
C"I'll report if my output becomes very watery and high."
D"I'll watch for dizziness and dark urine."
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
常位胎盤早期剥離に典型的な所見はどれですか?
A腹痛、硬くこわばった子宮、暗赤色の出血
B陣痛を伴わない透明な水の漏れ
C柔らかく弛緩した圧痛のない子宮を伴う、痛みのない鮮紅色の出血
D手のひらと足の裏のかゆみ
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman in her first antenatal visit discloses that her partner hits her. What is the most appropriate nursing action?
ARecord it but avoid discussing it further to protect her privacy
BAsk her partner to join the conversation to hear both sides
CAdvise her that the violence will probably stop now that she is pregnant
DTalk with her alone, assess her safety and offer support
21.小児看護ふつう
A child's asthma action plan shows he is in the yellow zone. What should he do?
ADouble the preventer dose and do nothing else
BUse the reliever as the plan says and contact the doctor if it does not help
CGo straight to the emergency department without using any medicine first
DStop all medicines and wait to see if the symptoms pass
22.小児看護むずかしい
Five minutes after IM adrenaline for anaphylaxis, a child is still wheezing and has a low blood pressure. What should the nurse do?
ASit the child up and walk her around to raise the blood pressure
BGive a further dose of IM adrenaline as per protocol and call for advanced help
CWait 30 minutes for the first dose of adrenaline to take its full effect
DGive an oral antihistamine and a steroid instead of more adrenaline
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient with psychosis says, "There's a man standing in the corner." The nurse sees no one there. Which response uses presenting reality?
A"I don't see anyone in the corner, but I know it seems real to you."
B"What does the man in the corner look like?"
C"That's just your illness talking, so there's nothing to worry about. Try to think of something else."
D"The man will go away if you ignore him."
24.精神看護むずかしい
An 8-year-old with separation anxiety disorder has missed two weeks of school. What is the most helpful approach?
ATell him that he is being silly and must go
BSupport a gradual, planned return to school with a consistent goodbye routine
CLet a parent stay with him in class every day for the rest of the year
DAllow him to stay at home until he wants to go back
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 滴下速度の計算結果は 156.382 gtt/min です。 この練習問題のルールは「滴下速度は、最も近い整数の滴数に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
156.382 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者が1勤務帯の間に ½ tbsp / 液体サプリメント, 2 fl oz / ジュース, 1½ tsp / 咳止めシロップ を摂取しました。与えられた換算値を使って、経口摂取量の合計 V を mL で求めてください。
1 tbsp = 15 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 8 kg の子どもに、5 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 40 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
8 kg5 mg/kg40 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
処方は 2600 単位で、薬は 10000 単位/mL で供給されます。1 mL の注射器に用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
2600 units10000 units/mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
20 滴/mL の輸液セットで 1500 mL を 10 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
1500 mL10 h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
バッグに薬剤 1 g が 250 mL 中に含まれています。指示は 1 分あたり 1.5 mg です。ポンプを何 mL/h の速度 R に設定しますか?
1 g/250 mL1.5 mg/min
R = mL/h
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 バッグには 500 mL 中にヘパリン 25 000 単位が含まれています。体重 63 kg の患者に 20 単位/kg/h の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
25 000 個/500 mL20 個/kg/h63 kg
R = mL/h
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 バッグには dobutamine 500 mg が 250 mL 中に含まれています。体重 76 kg の患者に 7.5 mcg/kg/min の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
500 mg/250 mL7.5 mcg/kg/min76 kg
R = mL/h
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。水分出納 B = 摂取量 − 排泄量 を mL で求めてください(負の答えは正味の喪失を意味します)。
False reassurance dismisses the patient's feelings and promises something the nurse cannot know. Acknowledging the worry and exploring it is more helpful.
答え
A · "Don't worry, everything will be fine."
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · The patient has COPD and was admitted two days ago with pneumonia
これが答えになる理由
SBAR is Situation (why you are calling), Background (relevant history), Assessment (your findings) and Recommendation (what you need). Clear structure speeds up the response.
答え
D · The patient has COPD and was admitted two days ago with pneumonia
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove
これが答えになる理由
Scalds from hot liquids are common childhood burns. Turning pot handles inward, using back burners and keeping hot drinks out of reach reduce the risk.
答え
A · Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Naloxone wears off sooner than many opioids, so the opioid effect returns
これが答えになる理由
Naloxone acts for a shorter time than many opioids, so sedation and respiratory depression can return. Patients are monitored closely, and repeat doses or an infusion may be needed.
答え
D · Naloxone wears off sooner than many opioids, so the opioid effect returns
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · A patient with stable cellulitis on scheduled IV antibiotics
これが答えになる理由
A newly oriented nurse is best given stable patients with predictable care. The other patients have changing or high-risk conditions that need more experience and close monitoring.
答え
B · A patient with stable cellulitis on scheduled IV antibiotics
答え: B · Sulfonylureas act for a long time, so hypoglycaemia can recur
これが答えになる理由
Sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release and have a long duration of action. Hypoglycaemia can be prolonged or recur, so glucose is monitored closely after treatment.
答え
B · Sulfonylureas act for a long time, so hypoglycaemia can recur
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · It falls, because GFR rises
これが答えになる理由
In pregnancy, kidney blood flow and GFR rise by about 50%, so creatinine falls below non-pregnant values. A creatinine that looks "normal" for a non-pregnant adult may indicate reduced kidney function in pregnancy.
答え: C · It greatly raises the risk of Stevens–Johnson syndrome
これが答えになる理由
The HLA-B*15:02 allele, common in parts of South-East Asia, is strongly linked to carbamazepine-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Carriers are given a different drug.
答え
C · It greatly raises the risk of Stevens–Johnson syndrome
12.薬理学
答え: B · 20 mL/h
これが答えになる理由
25,000 units ÷ 500 mL = 50 units/mL, and 1,000 units/h ÷ 50 units/mL = 20 mL/h. Heparin is a high-alert drug, so the calculation and pump settings are independently double-checked.
答え
B · 20 mL/h
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Check the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
これが答えになる理由
Movement, loose electrodes and muscle activity can create artefact that looks like VF. A conscious, talking patient cannot be in VF. The nurse assesses the patient and checks the leads and electrodes, then reattaches them if needed.
答え
C · Check the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
The EVD is levelled at the tragus, which approximates the foramen of Monro. If the head of the bed is changed, the drain must be re-levelled, because its height decides how much CSF drains.
答え
A · At the tragus of the ear
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · "I only need to check my skin when something hurts."
これが答えになる理由
Patients usually cannot feel pain below the injury, so pain cannot warn them of pressure damage. They need daily skin checks, often with a mirror, regular pressure relief and good skin hygiene.
答え
B · "I only need to check my skin when something hurts."
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Start a regular laxative at the same time
これが答えになる理由
Opioids slow gut movement, and tolerance to constipation does not develop. A regular laxative, often a stimulant with a softener, is started with the opioid, alongside fluids and mobility where possible.
答え
C · Start a regular laxative at the same time
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · "I'll drink less so my bag fills more slowly."
これが答えになる理由
Restricting fluids increases dehydration risk with an ileostomy. Patients drink enough, add salt as advised, chew well and report high output or signs of dehydration.
答え
B · "I'll drink less so my bag fills more slowly."
答え: D · Talk with her alone, assess her safety and offer support
これが答えになる理由
Intimate partner violence often begins or worsens in pregnancy. The nurse should talk to her alone, assess safety, document carefully and offer support and local resources, without confronting the partner.
答え
D · Talk with her alone, assess her safety and offer support
21.小児看護
答え: B · Use the reliever as the plan says and contact the doctor if it does not help
これが答えになる理由
In the yellow zone (often 50–80% of personal best), the child follows the plan, usually extra reliever doses, and seeks medical advice if symptoms do not improve. Red-zone symptoms need emergency help.
答え
B · Use the reliever as the plan says and contact the doctor if it does not help
22.小児看護
答え: B · Give a further dose of IM adrenaline as per protocol and call for advanced help
これが答えになる理由
IM adrenaline can be repeated after about 5 minutes if signs persist. Help is called, the child lies flat (with legs raised if tolerated, or sitting if breathing is difficult), and oxygen and IV fluids are given. Standing or walking can cause collapse.
答え
B · Give a further dose of IM adrenaline as per protocol and call for advanced help
23.精神看護
答え: A · "I don't see anyone in the corner, but I know it seems real to you."
これが答えになる理由
Presenting reality calmly states the nurse's own perception while accepting that the experience feels real to the patient. It neither confirms the hallucination nor argues with the patient.
答え
A · "I don't see anyone in the corner, but I know it seems real to you."
24.精神看護
答え: B · Support a gradual, planned return to school with a consistent goodbye routine
これが答えになる理由
Long-term avoidance strengthens anxiety. A gradual, planned return, short and predictable goodbyes, praise for brave behaviour and cooperation between parents and school, often with CBT, help the child cope.
答え
B · Support a gradual, planned return to school with a consistent goodbye routine
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
休止の間に P 波はなく、休止は P–P の周期の整数倍でもありません:洞停止です。ちょうど 2 周期や 3 周期の休止なら、洞房ブロックを示します。
40.心電図リズムストリップの解釈
答え: 2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
2:1 房室ブロック:QRS 1 つに P 波が 2 つあるとき、伝導した P 波が連続しないので、伝導されなかった P 波の前で PR が延びるか(I 型)、一定か(II 型)を判断できません。1 枚の波形からは 2:1 房室ブロックと呼びます。型は、より長い波形や伝導比の変化で決まります。QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、どちらも決め手にはなりません。
5つのステップ
1. 心拍数:R–R = 小さいマス目 42 個、1500 ÷ 42 ≈ 36 回/分。
2. リズム:整。すべての R–R は 1.68 秒です。
3. P波:陽性で整(P–P 0.84 秒、71 回/分)。QRS 1つにつき2個あります。
4. PR 間隔:伝導された拍では 0.16 秒で一定です。
5. QRS:0.14 秒で幅広(0.12 秒以上)。
型が決まらない理由
2 つに 1 つの P 波が伝導されないので、伝導した拍動が連続せず、PR の延長を確認できません。
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
答え
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、決め手になるのは、より長い波形か伝導比の変化だけです。
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