How should the ear be positioned when taking a tympanic temperature in an adult?
AGently pull the outer ear up and back
BGently pull the outer ear down and back
CLeave the ear alone and insert the probe deeply
DPush the outer ear forward against the cheek
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
患者の NEWS2 スコアが急に 1 点から 7 点に上がりました。適切な対応は?
A4 時間ごとの観察を続ける
B記録し、観察を繰り返して、次の回診で医師に伝える
C経験豊富な医師がただちに評価する緊急対応
D明朝もう一度バイタルを測る
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
新しい針に替えても、インスリンペンを複数の患者に使ってはいけないのはなぜですか?
A共有するとペンの中のインスリンの使用期限が早まるから
Bペン1本には1回分のインスリンしか入っていないから
C血液がカートリッジに逆流して感染が広がるおそれがあるから
Dペンを共有すると、送達される用量が変わるから
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
The fire alarm sounds, but the nurse does not know where the fire is. What should the nurse do?
AClose the doors to patient rooms, stay on the unit and wait for instructions
BOpen all doors so patients can be seen easily
CEvacuate all patients down the stairs at once, starting with those in bed
DLeave the unit and the building to find out where the fire is
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
Which telephone call should a clinic nurse return first?
AA parent of a 5-year-old with a runny nose for two days
BA parent of a 6-week-old with a temperature of 38.3 °C
CAn adult who wants to move a routine blood test appointment
DAn adult asking for a repeat prescription for a statin
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
An infant is choking and cannot cry or breathe. Which technique is correct?
AAbdominal thrusts, as in adults
BBack blows and chest thrusts
CA blind finger sweep of the mouth
DHolding the infant upside down by the feet
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Why are older adults at higher risk of dehydration?
ATheir body water content increases with age
BTheir kidneys hold on to too much water
CTheir sense of thirst is often reduced
DThey always drink large amounts of tea
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with poorly controlled hyperthyroidism develops a high fever, very fast heart rate, agitation and vomiting during an infection. What is likely?
AAddisonian crisis
BMyxoedema coma
CHypoglycaemia
DThyroid storm
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient has macrocytic anemia with numbness and tingling of the feet and poor balance. Which deficiency is most likely?
AVitamin B12
BVitamin C (ascorbic acid)
CFolate (folic acid)
DIron (low ferritin)
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
Two days after bowel surgery, a patient with nasogastric suction has a distended abdomen, absent bowel sounds and muscle weakness. The potassium is 2.8 mEq/L. Which interpretation is best?
AThe low potassium is due to the patient drinking too much water
BHyperkalemia from tissue damage is causing the bowel to stop
CHypokalemia from gastric losses is contributing to paralytic ileus
DThe potassium is normal for the second day after surgery
11.薬理学ふつう
After naloxone reverses an opioid overdose, why must the patient be watched closely?
ANaloxone often causes severe low blood glucose a few hours after the dose
BNaloxone may wear off before the opioid does, so breathing can slow again
CNaloxone itself causes respiratory depression at high doses
DNaloxone makes the opioid stay longer in the body
12.薬理学むずかしい
薬 X は最大反応 100%、EC50 1 mg です。薬 Y は最大反応 100%、EC50 10 mg です。正しい記述はどれですか?
AY は X より有効性が高い
BY は X より力価が高く、両者の有効性は同じである
CX は Y より有効性が高い
DX は Y より力価が高く、両者の有効性は同じである
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator asks what to do if it fires. Which teaching is correct?
AOne shock and well: contact the device clinic; repeated shocks or unwell: call emergency services
BRemove the device battery at home if it fires more than once
CDrive straight to hospital alone after any shock so the device can be checked by the team
DIgnore any shock at all, because the device is designed to fire every day and needs no follow-up
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient on three blood pressure drugs still has high readings at every visit. What should the nurse check first?
AWhether a fourth drug can be added at today's appointment
BWhether the patient is taking the medicines as prescribed
CWhether the readings should be ignored
DWhether the patient needs surgery on the renal arteries
Pulling the pinna up and back straightens the adult ear canal so the probe points at the eardrum. In young children the pinna is pulled down and back instead.
答え: A · Close the doors to patient rooms, stay on the unit and wait for instructions
これが答えになる理由
Closing doors limits the spread of smoke and fire. Staff follow the fire plan, keep corridors clear and prepare for evacuation, but do not evacuate until directed or the fire is in their area.
答え
A · Close the doors to patient rooms, stay on the unit and wait for instructions
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · A parent of a 6-week-old with a temperature of 38.3 °C
これが答えになる理由
A fever in an infant under about 3 months old needs urgent assessment, because serious bacterial infection is more likely and signs can be subtle. The other calls are routine.
答え
B · A parent of a 6-week-old with a temperature of 38.3 °C
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Back blows and chest thrusts
これが答えになる理由
For a choking infant, the nurse gives cycles of five back blows and five chest thrusts. Abdominal thrusts are not used in infants, and blind finger sweeps can push the object deeper.
答え
B · Back blows and chest thrusts
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · Their sense of thirst is often reduced
これが答えになる理由
With age, thirst is blunted, kidney concentrating ability falls and total body water decreases. Cognitive or physical problems can also make it harder to drink.
答え
C · Their sense of thirst is often reduced
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · Thyroid storm
これが答えになる理由
Thyroid storm is a life-threatening worsening of hyperthyroidism, often triggered by infection or surgery. It needs urgent treatment with cooling, beta-blockade and antithyroid drugs.
答え
D · Thyroid storm
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Vitamin B12
これが答えになる理由
B12 and folate deficiencies both cause macrocytic anemia, but B12 deficiency also damages the spinal cord and peripheral nerves, causing numbness, tingling and poor balance. Neurological damage can become permanent if treatment is delayed.確認に用いた資料:Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Vitamin B12 level - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
A · Vitamin B12
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Hypokalemia from gastric losses is contributing to paralytic ileus
これが答えになる理由
Gastric suction removes potassium and causes metabolic alkalosis, which shifts more potassium into cells. Low potassium reduces smooth muscle contraction and contributes to ileus and weakness. The provider is informed and potassium is replaced as prescribed.確認に用いた資料:Hypokalemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)
答え
C · Hypokalemia from gastric losses is contributing to paralytic ileus
11.薬理学
答え: B · Naloxone may wear off before the opioid does, so breathing can slow again
これが答えになる理由
Naloxone acts for a shorter time than many opioids, especially long-acting and slow-release ones. Repeated doses or an infusion may be needed.
答え
B · Naloxone may wear off before the opioid does, so breathing can slow again
答え: A · One shock and well: contact the device clinic; repeated shocks or unwell: call emergency services
これが答えになる理由
A single shock with full recovery usually needs a call to the device team. Several shocks in a short time, or a shock with chest pain, breathlessness or collapse, needs emergency help. Patients should not drive themselves after a shock.
答え
A · One shock and well: contact the device clinic; repeated shocks or unwell: call emergency services
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Whether the patient is taking the medicines as prescribed
これが答えになる理由
Before labelling hypertension as resistant, adherence, measurement technique, white-coat effect and interacting substances (NSAIDs, decongestants, alcohol, liquorice) should be checked. Side effects, cost and complex regimens are common reasons for missed doses.
答え
B · Whether the patient is taking the medicines as prescribed
答え: D · A raised level suggests poor tissue perfusion
これが答えになる理由
A high lactate signals tissue hypoperfusion and higher risk of death in sepsis. It helps guide fluid resuscitation and escalation, and it is repeated to check the response.
答え
D · A raised level suggests poor tissue perfusion
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Catheterise as per protocol or prescription
これが答えになる理由
Urinary retention with a large residual volume needs bladder drainage to prevent discomfort, bladder damage and infection. Following local protocol, an in-and-out or indwelling catheter is used and the volume recorded.
答え: A · Weigh the wet nappy and subtract the dry weight; 1 g is about 1 mL
これが答えになる理由
Weighing nappies before and after use gives an accurate measure of urine output, as 1 g of urine is about 1 mL. This is important in sick infants to calculate output in mL/kg/hour.
答え
A · Weigh the wet nappy and subtract the dry weight; 1 g is about 1 mL
22.小児看護
答え: D · Usually not; the child was most infectious before the rash appeared
これが答えになる理由
In fifth disease the child is most infectious during the mild illness before the rash. By the time the rash appears, the child is usually no longer infectious and does not need to be kept off school.
答え
D · Usually not; the child was most infectious before the rash appeared
23.精神看護
答え: C · Use sunscreen and protective clothing, because the skin may burn easily
これが答えになる理由
Chlorpromazine can cause photosensitivity, leading to sunburn after short exposure. Sunscreen, hats and covering the skin reduce this risk.
答え
C · Use sunscreen and protective clothing, because the skin may burn easily
24.精神看護
答え: D · Stop, try again later or in a different way, and explain each step calmly
これが答えになる理由
Bathing can feel frightening or undignified. Changing the timing, approach or method, for example a bed bath or shower, giving simple explanations and keeping him covered and warm often reduces distress without force.
答え
D · Stop, try again later or in a different way, and explain each step calmly
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
変換
c = 322/18 = 17.89 ≈ 17.9 mmol/L
答え
c = 17.9 mmol/L
27.投与量の計算
答え: m = 200 mg
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
濃度
10% = 10 g/100 mL = 100 mg/mL
薬剤の質量
m = 100·2 = 200 mg
答え
m = 200 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 3.2 mL
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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