A patient has sharp, tearing pain on passing stool, "like passing glass", with a streak of fresh blood. Which condition is most likely?
ACrohn's disease of the ileum
BAnal fissure
CUpper GI bleeding
DColorectal cancer
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman at 28 weeks is Rh-negative and has a positive antibody screen for anti-D. What does this mean?
AHer baby is definitely Rh-negative
BThe result is normal and needs no further action
CShe is sensitised; the fetus is watched for anaemia
DShe needs a double dose of anti-D immunoglobulin
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Which statement by a pregnant woman with gestational diabetes shows she understands her care?
A"I can skip meals if my glucose is high in the morning."
B"I will check my glucose as shown and record it."
C"Insulin will harm my baby, so I will refuse it."
D"My baby's growth will not need monitoring."
21.小児看護ふつう
How is urine output measured in an infant wearing nappies?
ACount only the number of nappy changes in each shift
BSqueeze the nappy out into a measuring jug and read the volume
CEstimate it from how heavy the nappy feels in the hand
DWeigh the wet nappy and subtract the dry weight; 1 g is about 1 mL
22.小児看護むずかしい
化学療法後に好中球減少症となった子どもについて、看護師が疑問を呈すべき指示はどれですか?
A接触の前に毎回、丁寧に手指衛生を行う
B38 °C 以上の体温はただちに報告する
C腋窩または口腔で体温をモニタリングする
D4 時間ごとに直腸で体温を測定する
23.精神看護ふつう
A student avoids eating in the canteen and speaking in seminars because she fears others will judge her or see her blush. Which disorder does this suggest?
AGeneralised anxiety disorder
BAgoraphobia
CObsessive-compulsive disorder
DSocial anxiety disorder
24.精神看護むずかしい
During a ward community meeting, several patients complain that the ward is too noisy at night. What reflects a therapeutic milieu?
AAsk the patients to write their complaints down and then do nothing
BDiscuss the problem openly and involve patients in finding a solution
CTell the patients that the rules cannot be changed
DEnd the meeting so the complaint is not discussed further
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある新生児の体重は 6 lb 5 oz です。1 lb = 16 oz と 1 kg = 2.2 lb を使って、体重 m をキログラムで求めてください。小数第2位に丸めてください。
答え: B · The sample was contaminated during collection
これが答えになる理由
A mixed growth usually means skin or perineal bacteria contaminated the sample. A clean-catch midstream sample, or a sample from the catheter sampling port, gives a more reliable result.
答え
B · The sample was contaminated during collection
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Below the level of the bladder and off the floor
これが答えになる理由
Keeping the bag below the bladder prevents backflow of urine into the bladder, and keeping it off the floor prevents contamination. Both reduce the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection.
答え
C · Below the level of the bladder and off the floor
答え: B · Sitting upright with the chin tucked down while swallowing
これが答えになる理由
Sitting upright and tucking the chin narrows the airway entrance and helps food pass into the esophagus. The nurse follows the speech therapist’s plan, which may include thickened fluids.
答え
B · Sitting upright with the chin tucked down while swallowing
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · A patient with neutropenia after chemotherapy
これが答えになる理由
When urgency is equal, the nurse cares for the most vulnerable patient first and patients with transmissible infections last. This lowers the risk of carrying organisms to an immunocompromised patient.
答え
B · A patient with neutropenia after chemotherapy
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Increased urine output, less breathlessness and a falling weight
これが答えになる理由
Effective diuresis increases urine output and reduces congestion, so breathing improves and weight falls. Electrolytes, renal function and blood pressure are also monitored.
答え
D · Increased urine output, less breathlessness and a falling weight
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · As soon as IV or IO access is obtained, then every 3–5 minutes
これが答えになる理由
In non-shockable rhythms, adrenaline is given as soon as possible and repeated every 3–5 minutes while CPR continues. In shockable rhythms it is given after the third shock in UK/European guidelines (after the second shock in AHA guidelines).
答え
A · As soon as IV or IO access is obtained, then every 3–5 minutes
答え: B · Treatment lasts months, and missed doses cause resistance
これが答えになる理由
Standard TB treatment usually lasts six months or more with several drugs. Poor adherence leads to relapse and multidrug-resistant TB, so supervised dosing improves completion.
答え
B · Treatment lasts months, and missed doses cause resistance
Compression ultrasound shows whether a deep vein is compressible and whether flow is normal; a vein containing clot does not compress. A low clinical probability with a negative D-dimer can rule out DVT without imaging.
答え: D · Ask them to raise the eyebrows, shut the eyes tightly and smile
これが答えになる理由
The facial nerve moves the muscles of the face. Asking the patient to raise the eyebrows, close the eyes, puff the cheeks and smile shows any weakness. Facial sensation is carried by the trigeminal nerve.
答え
D · Ask them to raise the eyebrows, shut the eyes tightly and smile
An anal fissure causes severe pain during and after defecation with bright red blood. Treatment includes stool softeners, fibre and topical treatment to relax the sphincter.
答え
B · Anal fissure
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · She is sensitised; the fetus is watched for anaemia
これが答えになる理由
If antibodies are already present, anti-D prophylaxis is of no use. Antibody levels are followed and the fetus is monitored for anaemia, often with Doppler of the middle cerebral artery.
答え
C · She is sensitised; the fetus is watched for anaemia
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · "I will check my glucose as shown and record it."
これが答えになる理由
Regular glucose monitoring with records guides treatment changes. Skipping meals can cause hypoglycaemia and ketosis, insulin does not cross the placenta in a meaningful amount, and fetal growth is monitored.
答え
B · "I will check my glucose as shown and record it."
21.小児看護
答え: D · Weigh the wet nappy and subtract the dry weight; 1 g is about 1 mL
これが答えになる理由
Weighing nappies before and after use gives an accurate measure of urine output, as 1 g of urine is about 1 mL. This is important in sick infants to calculate output in mL/kg/hour.
答え
D · Weigh the wet nappy and subtract the dry weight; 1 g is about 1 mL
Social anxiety disorder is a marked fear of social situations in which the person may be scrutinised, with fear of embarrassment or negative judgement, leading to avoidance or intense distress.
答え
D · Social anxiety disorder
24.精神看護
答え: B · Discuss the problem openly and involve patients in finding a solution
これが答えになる理由
In a therapeutic milieu, the ward environment itself is used for treatment. Shared decision-making in community meetings builds responsibility, social skills and trust.
答え
B · Discuss the problem openly and involve patients in finding a solution
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: m = 2.87 kg
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
オンスからポンドへ
5 oz/16 = 0.3125 lb
6 + 0.3125 = 6.313 lb
ポンドからキログラムへ
m = 6.313/2.2 = 2.869 ≈ 2.87 kg
答え
m = 2.87 kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: Hb = 9.7 g/dL
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
変換
Hb = 97 g/L × (1 L/10 dL) = 9.7 g/dL
答え
Hb = 9.7 g/dL
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 2 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
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